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You will keep notes about the course content in your Blackboard journal. To give flexibility regarding your interests, you can choose the course weeks you will add notes to the journal. You
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You will keep notes about the course content in your Blackboard journal. To give flexibility regarding your interests, you can choose the course weeks you will add notes to the journal. You will be required to complete four journal entries . Only you and the instructor will have access to the journal.
Try to answer the following questions in each of your journal entries:
What interested you the most in the weeks course content? Why?
What about the concepts discussed this week? (use the syllabus, course schedule, to see each week’s concepts). Did they help you understand the historical process better, or not? How come? Comment on at least one concept and related event/process discussed in the textbook or lectures.
What event, concept, or historical process remained unclear to you? Why?
How do you evaluate your learning process about world history so far?
700 words
3 peer reviewed sources
19ImperialismandModernState-BuildingExplode-TheMexicanRevolution.pdf
Imperialism and Modern State Building Explode: The Mexican Revolution History 111 World History since 1500
Spring 2022
Jorge Minella ([email protected])
Early Twentieth Century
? Increased competition among nation-states and their empires.
? Tightened imperial grip.
? Challenges to imperial domination rising. ? Peaked after World War 1.
? World War 1. ? Industrial warfare, mass mobilization.
? Mass society and culture.
Todays Class
? Conflicts not only between nations or nations and their colonial subjects, also class conflict.
? Class-based clashes interacted with imperialism and international warfare.
? Sweeping revolutions.
? Mexico, 1910-1920.
? Nation-building and colonial legacy, imperialism, class struggle, mobilization of society.
? Next class: WW1, Russian Revolution, Paris Peace Agreements.
The Mexican Revolution Begins
Mexico Between 1810 and 1876
? Caudillos.
? Turmoil, political instability.
? Imperial interventions.
? U.S. invasion of Mexico, 1845-1848.
? French occupation, 1864- 1867.
? Porfirio Diaz takes power, 1876.
Porfirio Diazs cabinet, ~1900.
The Porfiriato, 1876-1911
? Dictatorship.
? Stability and economic growth.
? Modernization of the export economy.
? New technology.
? Association with U.S. business interests.
? But wealth was increasingly concentrated.
? Benefit of few families and U.S. investors.
? Peasants lost land.
? Stability through brutal repression and cooptation.
The Porfiriatos Decline
? Concentrated wealth caused resentment.
? Economy growth increased social complexity.
? Labor demands met with violence.
? Sectors of the elite resented Diaz excessive political control.
Image of the 1906 Cananea Strike, at the American-owned Cananea copper mine, in Sonora, northern Mexico. Many workers killed for demanding better working conditions.
Francisco Madero
? Mine and landowner from northern Mexico.
? Educated in the U.S. and France.
? Modern businessmen, but resented privileges to U.S. investors.
? Ran for president in 1910.
? Arrested.
? Called for armed insurrection against Porfirio.
Broad coalition to oust Porfirio Diaz
? Conflicting additional goals would complicate the situation.
? Political reformers.
? Sectors of the landowning class, merchants, middle-class intellectuals.
? Social reformers.
? Fundamentally rural.
? Central and southern Mexicos peasants. (Emiliano Zapata)
? Northern Mexicos rural laborers and miners. (Pascal Orozco and Pancho Villa)
Pancho Villa
? Sharecropper family.
? Laborer in Durango, northern Mexico.
? Experienced and witnessed mistreatment and poor conditions.
? Became a social bandit.
? Joined Maderos call to arms.
Emiliano Zapata
? Feared the expansion of export-oriented sugar plantation into his villages land.
? Elected president of the village council in 1909.
? Sought to defend the village through legal means but failed due to the biased Porfirian judiciary system.
? Joined Maderos call to end Porfirian rule.
Porfirio Ousted, Madero President
? Porfirio Diaz renounced after Pancho Villa defeated federal troops in Ciudad Juarez.
? Francisco Madero elected president, November 1911.
? But ousting Diaz was just the beginning.
Madero in the 1911 electoral campaign with Zapatas troops.
The Mexican Revolution Unfolds
Madero in Power
? From November 1911 to February 1913.
? Short reign due to political mistakes and the coalitions diverging goals.
? Madero dismissed social demands.
? Antagonized an important sector of the coalition, mainly Zapatas peasants.
? Madero maintained part of the Porfirian state intact.
? The army officers.
? The judiciary system.
Zapatas Plan of Ayala
? Call to oust Madero.
? Land reform.
? 1/3 of the land should return to peasants.
? Peasants colonial heritage.
? Trying to compromise.
? In the north.
? Also called to oust Madero and address the working class’s demands.
The Federal Army
? Madero called the Federal Army against his former allies.
? Army controlled by Porfirian officers.
? Led by Victoriano Huerta.
? Fought against Zapata and Orozco.
? But turned against Madero.
? Conspired with other Porfirian officers and the U.S. Ambassador.
Victoriano Huerta
The Tragic Ten Days (Feb. 1913)
? Battle in Mexico City.
? Thousands killed.
? Madero assassinated.
? Porfirian regime restored with Huerta.
Modern weaponry employed in the battle.
Maderos Coalition Back Together
? Pancho Villa and northern elites. ? Constitutionalist Army
? Emiliano Zapata and central Mexicos peasants.
? Call to oust Huerta and draft a new constitution.
? Huerta resigned, end of reestablished Porfirian rule.
Pancho Villa and his troops.
Late 1914, Conference of Aguascalientes
? Meeting of all factions of the coalition.
? Villas rural laborers army.
? Northern elites.
? Zapatas peasants.
? What should be the course of the revolution?
? Political?
? Social?
? Coalition split again.
Constitutionalists vs. Conventionists
? Constitutionalist Army.
? Led by northern elites.
? Carranza and Obregón.
? Defended political reform, opposed Zapatas land reform.
? Conventionist Army.
? Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.
? Social reform.
? Conventionist Army took Mexico City.
Zapata and Villas armies enter Mexico City, December 1914.
Constitutionalist Win
? Constitutionalist Army winning the civil war.
? Superior resources.
? U.S. support.
? Less weariness.
? Accepted part of the social reform agenda.
? Decreased battered Conventionists will to fight.
? Gained support of the urban middle and working class.
? Constitutional Assembly.
? New 1917 Mexican Constitution.
Mexicos New Constitution
Social Reforms and the 1917 Constitution
? Article 27.
? Land reform.
? Nationalization of underground resources.
? Article 123.
? Workers rights.
Carranzas Government, 1917-1920.
? Should follow the 1917 Constitution.
? Instead, undermined it.
? Brutal repression on labor.
? Increased persecution of peasants demanding land rights.
? Zapata kept fighting.
? Now with a weakened and weary peasant army.
? But symbolically relevant.
? Zapata executed in April 1919.
Obregóns Response
? Carranzas violent methods and disregard for the Constitution.
? Many enemies.
? Álvaro Obregón.
? Former ally, member of the northern middle-class.
? Had led divisions of the Constitutionalist Army against Zapata.
? But came to recognize the need for social reform.
? Ousted Carranza.
? Revolutionary process coming to an end.
? A million people died.
The Mexican Revolution and World History
? Contemporary revolutions.
? Chinas nationalist revolution, 1911.
? Russias communist revolution, 1917.
? Rise of industry and changes in social classes.
? Nation-state formation.
? Complex; colonial heritage.
? Expansion of capitalism and resulting social tensions.
Imperialism and Modern State Building Explode: The Mexican Revolution
Early Twentieth Century
Todays Class
The Mexican Revolution Begins
Mexico Between 1810 and 1876
The Porfiriato, 1876-1911
The Porfiriatos Decline
Francisco Madero
Broad coalition to oust Porfirio Diaz
Pancho Villa
Emiliano Zapata
Porfirio Ousted, Madero President
The Mexican Revolution Unfolds
Madero in Power
Zapatas Plan of Ayala
The Federal Army
The Tragic Ten Days (Feb. 1913)
Maderos Coalition Back Together
Late 1914, Conference of Aguascalientes
Constitutionalists vs. Conventionists
Constitutionalist Win
Mexicos New Constitution
Social Reforms and the 1917 Constitution
Carranzas Government, 1917-1920.
Obregóns Response
The Mexican Revolution and World History
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