The below document in parentheses is not the assignment, but is the previous ass

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The below document in parentheses is not the assignment, but is the previous assignment that has the policy information required in the current assignment listed under the parentheses.
(Policy Issue Analysis Worksheet
Issue: Noncommunicable Diseases
Part I
Analysis Criteria
Name of person completing the analysis; sphere of government
Policy Analyst, World Health Organization (WHO)
Is their potential bias? Explain your response.
No. There are no specific affiliations in individual or organizational capacity by the analyst and the WHO on behalf of any other organization, country, power, or jurisdiction, in terms of unilateral funding, research, or representation.
What is the issue that requires a policy solution?
Increased death rate due to noncommunicable diseases.
Context: Add evidence for the following perspectives:
The WHO states that noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) kill an estimated 41 million people every year, which is 71 percent of all global deaths (WHO, 2021). Given that the burden of infectious diseases has now reduced and instead replaced by NCDs (Michaud, 2009), it is prudent to take action that legally requires practical measures to prevent further increase of the death rate.
Social
From a social perspective, NCDs are shaped by behavioral risks factors such as unhealthy diet, smoking, and physical inactivity (Marmot & Bell, 2019). NCDs end up contributing to social chaos and destabilization especially when there is less sensitization.
Economic
NCDs cause huge dents in the income and wealth of the affected individuals and families. Having a 70 percent death rate being contributed by NCDs leads to national financial and economic growth and well-being being threatened (Marmot & Bell, 2019).
Ethical
There are underlying factors that lead to NCDs and which are a matte of public health’s ethical issues (Marmot & Bell, 2019). They include tobacco and environmental pollution which increases chances of suffering an NCD.
Political
Action against man-made factors that increase the possibility of contracting a NCD have been in many cases hindered by political constraints preventing rolling out of funds and resources to prevent continued negative effects (Marmot & Bell, 2019).
Legal
There are numerous inconsistencies in dealing with public health issues around NCDs from a common legal perspective. Although tobacco consumption and sale come under strict legal measures, the legal nature of alcohol consumption and sale in many countries is likely to contribute to more harm than good as far as NCDs are concerned (Marmot & Bell, 2019).
Environmental
The apparent recalcitrance of chronic diseases has called into question the ability of traditional public health measures to address risk factors such as unhealthy neighborhoods, junk foods, drugs and alcohol, and environmental pollutants (Marmot & Bell, 2019). The WHO in 2017 reported that such challenges are not unique to the “privileged” industrialized world, as lower- and middle-income countries are contending with the health consequences of Western lifestyles—for example, nearly 80 percent of all smokers globally now live outside higher-income countries (Marmot & Bell, 2019).
Cultural
Cultural factors play a critical role in NCDs both because culturally attributed lifestyles can cause and prevent the diseases. Taking structured and socio-cultural-based measures can enhance public health education on NCDs (Airhihenbuwa & Iwelunmor, 2012).
Costs
Economic-related costs of noncommunicable diseases are significantly more compared to non-economic costs. However, death consists of a major source of grief and mental illness for the affected especially when the loved one is suffering from a terminal illness. NCDs have destabilized the balance of many societies across the world especially considering the nature of burden they cause or leave the family and community (WHO, 2021). Nonetheless, NCDs are known to affect most people financially because of the high cost of treatment (CDC, 2020). Many households worldwide are in an increased risk to being financial burdened by cases of NCDs (CDC, 2020). The five of the major NCDS; cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, mental health conditions, and chronic respiratory conditions, are estimated to cost around $30 trillion in output loss in the next two decades (Rao et al., 2019). Increases healthcare costs not only jeopardize the economic stability of households, but regions and governments because the more people are lost the more there is less productivity which generally hinders the economy (CDC, 2020).
Part II
Who are the Stakeholders in this policy issue?
The general public, governments, healthcare agencies and organizations.
What is their ‘stake”?
There is an increasing need for education and emphasis with information of the dangers leading to NCDs among individuals all over the world. The public need protection and provision of healthcare infrastructure to not only treat but prevent NCDs. Governments across the world have a responsibility in prioritizing NCDs as a matter of public health emergency and play their role in sensitizing on healthy living and well-equipped healthcare sectors. Healthcare industries in every country implement and execute health policies that help citizens remain healthy. Agencies such as the CDC, FDA, and WHO are critical in providing guidelines and benchmarks to follow in managing NCDs.
What are the health risk(s) addressed by the policy issue?
Metabolic risk factors and modifiable behavioral risk factors.
How would the policy impact these risks? Use evidence.
Metabolic risk factors contribute to metabolic changes in the body that increase susceptibility to NCDs and they include raised blood pressure, obesity, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia (WHO, 2021). They are also attributed to death where, for instance, 19 percent of global deaths are due to elevated blood pressure (WHO, 2021). Modifiable behavioral risk factors such as physical inactivity and use of tobacco contributes to 1.6 million deaths and 7.2 million deaths per year respectively (WHO, 2021).
Specify the policy consequences, both intended and unintended, to the best of your ability.
A policy action against increasing deaths due to NCDs will mean increased attention and focus on risk factors. The policy would force governments to put measures to not only treat and prevent further risk of contracting a noncommunicable disease, but work together in conjunction with regional and international partners to put legal measures on pollution, organic farming, and environmental protection among other avenues that could predispose people to NCDs. Furthermore, the intended consequences could be putting people out of their comfort zone in terms of life habits and forcing them to live healthy lifestyles. However, the police does not intend on interfering with the different cultures and way of living other than educate and sensitize people about health living.
Part III
Policy Action and Evaluation
Specify 2-3 policy options (include ‘do nothing’ options – what happens if things continue as currently happening).
1. Set a medium- and long-term target for Heads of States and governments worldwide to reduce rate of death due to NCDs.
2. Do nothing.
3. Have a global action plan coordinated by the WHO and respective national health departments/organizations/commissions geared towards preventing and controlling of NCDs between 2020 and 2030.
If things continue as they currently are, the world will be in danger economically, socially, and in a public health crisis in the coming years.
Rationale for policy recommendations
History with infectious disease control has shown that working together as nations of the world is effective than working singularly. Considering the dreadful nature of NCDs, it would not only become cheaper and less of an economic problem when there are few cases of noncommunicable diseases, but a country would experience increase in productivity and diversion of wealth and income into other economic viable areas. If countries and respective healthcare sector fail to implement joint measures to curb NCDs risk factors, the problem will only exacerbate. Stakeholders in the healthcare sector, particularly community health workers and local healthcare facilities can play a critical role educating and sensitizing on measures to take to avoid NCDs.
Identify criteria to evaluate policy options – enter on scorecard.
After establishing a common framework against risk factors for noncommunicable diseases, the target is to bring down the rate of death due to NCDs from 70 percent to 40 percent between 2020 and 2030. This target should be evaluated after 2030 to assess and determine the next policy action. However, doing nothing will most likely increase the rate of death due to NCDs from 70 percent to a higher figure within this period. Therefore, a policy action against NCDs between 2020 and 2030 where the target is to reduce the rate of death by almost half
Will be ++ strongly positive, whereas doing nothing will be — strongly negative.
Criteria: Evaluate your policy on each of these criteria
Criteria:
Policy 1: Set a medium- and long-term target for Heads of States and governments worldwide to reduce rate of death due to NCDs.
Have a global action plan against NCDs risk factors
Do nothing
Effectiveness
++
++
—
Protection of rights
++
++
—
Costs
+
+
—
Administrative feasibility
++
+
—
Fairness
+
++
—
Evidence-based practice
++
++
–
Environmental effects
++
++
–
Power
+
+
–
Cultural considerations
+
++
–
References
Airhihenbuwa, C., & Iwelunmor, J. (2012). Why culture matters in reducing the burden of NCDs and CDs in Africa. http://www.chpa.co/Documents/WhyCultureConnects-DrAirhuhenbuwa.pdf
CDC. (2020, May 26). Economic impact of NCDs. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/healthprotection/ncd/economic-impact.html
Marmot, M., & Bell, R. (2019). Social determinants and non-communicable diseases: Time for integrated action. BMJ, l251. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l251
Michaud, C. (2009). Global burden of infectious diseases. Encyclopedia of Microbiology, 444-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012373944-5.00185-1
Rao, S. S., Singh, R. B., Takahashi, T., Juneja, L. R., Fedacko, J., & Shewale, A. R. (2019). Economic burden of noncommunicable diseases and economic cost of functional foods for prevention. The Role of Functional Food Security in Global Health, 57-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813148-0.00004-9
Saloner, B. (2019). An overview of ethics, public health, and noncommunicable diseases. The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics, 487-494. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190245191.013.42
WHO. (2021, April 13). Non communicable diseases. WHO | World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases)
Part I: Assignment-
This week, you will create and present a model of policy development and apply it to the policy or health care issue you analyzed in Unit 6. A minimum of five scholarly, peer-reviewed sources, external to assigned course readings, that includes:
a description of the health care policy issue analyzed in Unit 6;
a brief summary of the policy and/or policy solutions for the issue;
an explanation of the model you created and a graphic representation of the model;
integration of the tenets of social justice, equity, and cultural proficiency in the model;
an illustration in the model of innovative solutions to achieve policy implementation;
a description of the stakeholders; provide rationale related to why they are stakeholders in this policy development and implementation;
a discussion of the support required for the policy or policy solutions to be effective; Identify the role of research in policy development;
an appraisal of data that supports this policy implementation;
a discussion of how nurse as leaders participate as a member of the interprofessional team; and
a summary of what you and your peers can do to strengthen nursing’s influence in the policy process.

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