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(Society and Technological Change by Rudi Volti (Pitzer College)Eighth Edition ISBN-10: 1-319-05825-6; ISBN-13: 978-1-319-05825-8)
Select a topic that we have covered in this course that has two opposing points of view. You will choose one side of an argument and write a persuasive paper on that topic. You must use scholarly sources to support your argument. Any arguments without scholarly support will receive deductions from your grade. You must cite all sources used within the paper and also include a bibliography. Your paper will be graded by the rubric attached to this module.
How to write a research paper
Writing a research paper is a process. Strong papers are developed step by step. When you choose a paper topic, you might feel overwhelmed or intimidated, but making that step is crucial because it eliminates a good deal of procrastination. After choosing a topic, break it down into smaller chunks, and you will find that completing it is manageable, regardless the time you have to write it.
Research papers are driven by arguments. So, after selecting a topic, decide upon an argument which can be done by asking a question that you want to answer in your paper. For example, suppose I has asked you to write a paper discussing technology and war (Of course you may choose your topic from all that we have covered this semester). It might seem like this paper is straightforward and does not require an argument, however, the real purpose of research is to answer a question, i.e. Why did President Truman drop an atomic bomb on Hiroshima? So, you might argue that President Truman chose to drop the bomb because of politics, expediency in concluding the war, or even to end regional suffering from the war. You may also develop an argument that draws on all of these factors. Regardless, when you make these assertions, you are developing an argument that requires evidence. Research papers are driven by an argument demanding evidence from legitimate sources.
Please stay to the point. Research papers long or short focus on the question that you have decided to answer. Write out the key question at the top of your draft and follow it as a road map. If you write something that does not answer that question, then you have probably wondered off-topic. Also, be sure that you answer every part of your question as I have read many responses this semester that start strong and then fail to complete the answer. The main (Thesis) question will often have several questions you need to address in your paper, and if you do not address these, then you are not responding fully to the thesis of your paper.
Next, take a few minutes to consider what you already know about the topic (brainstorm). Make a list of ideas or draw a thinking map or graphic organizer, using circles and arrows to connect ideas. At this point in the process, just write down all of your ideas without stopping to analyze each one in depth. You want to think big and bring in everything you know or suspect about the topic. After you have finished, read over what you have created. Look for patterns or trends or questions that keep coming up. Based on what you have brainstormed, what do you still need to learn about the topic? Do you have an initial argument to write your paper or are there gaps? Use this information to help you further develop your thesis question and to create an outline. Now you are ready to research the topic and also feel free to use the readings you have done in class or even parts from the textbook, from other primary source readings, and from your notes that relate to the prompt (Power Points).
If you need to do outside research, the SCC library offers plenty of resources. You can begin by plugging key words into the online library catalog or making a visit to the library for assistance. This process will likely involve some trial and error. You will want to use search terms that are specific enough to address your topic without being so narrow that you get no results. If your keywords are not focused, i.e. putting in WW2 as your topic for dropping the atomic bomb, you may get back thousands of results and feel overwhelmed.
If you find writing a research paper difficult and intimidating, start by drafting an introduction that includes a “hook” and the thesis question with potential answers concisely addressed. WE are talking 5-7 sentences and remember that whatever you draft now is not set in stone. Your paper should change as you write it out. An outline is helpful in giving you a sense of the overall structure of your paper and how best to organize it. You need to decide how to arrange your argument: Chronologically, thematically, or in order of significance. There is no one right way to organize a research paper; it depends entirely on you, your thesis question, your sources, and on what makes it most clear to the reader. Do not feel that you have to work through your outline from beginning to end. Some writers find it helpful to begin with the section in which they feel most confident. Your goal in the draft is to articulate your argument as clearly as you can and to provide evidence to support your argument. Do not get too caught up in grammar or stylistic issues at this point, as you are more concerned now with the big-picture task of expressing your ideas in writing. I will focus on the quality and organization of your ideas. I will not be too concerned with minor spelling, grammar, and style issues.
If you have trouble getting started or are feeling overwhelmed, try free writing. Free writing is a low-stakes writing exercise to help you get past the blank page. Set a timer for five or ten minutes and write down everything you know about your paper: your argument, your sources, counterarguments, everything. Do not edit or judge what you are writing as you write; just keep writing until the timer goes off. You may be surprised to find out how much you knew about your topic. Of course, this writing will not be polished, so do not be tempted to leave it as it is. Remember that this draft is your first one, and you will be revising it.
As you research it, reread your sources, and write your paper, you will learn more about the topic and your argument. Once you reach this point, begin to add in your supporting evidence and cite them. Review your sources and identify which ones are most critical to you–the ones you will use the most to make your argument. Then, cite them where you use them.
When you are writing up the evidence in your draft, you need to appropriately cite all of your sources. Appropriate citation has two components. You must both follow the proper citation style in your footnotes and bibliography, and document always but only when such documentation is required. Remember that you need to cite not just direct quotations but also any ideas that are not your own. You may use MLA, APA, or Turabian (Chicago Manual of Style) but be consistent and accurate in your use. After completing the draft, read it and revise. I like to read it out loud so that I may hear the language. Your first priority should be revising the fluency of the paper to ensure that the reader may understand it clearly and then address the content to make sure you are making a compelling and well-supported argument.
Here is a checklist of questions to ask yourself while revising:
– Does my thesis clearly state my argument and its significance?
– Does the main argument in each body paragraph support my thesis?
– Do I have enough evidence within each body paragraph to make my point?
– Have I properly introduced, analyzed, and cited every quotation I use?
– Do my topic sentences effectively introduce the main point of each paragraph?
– Do I have transitions between paragraphs?
– Is my paper free of grammar and spelling errors?
Remember, start revising at the global level. Once you are satisfied with your argument, move onto the local level.
Do not forget a Works Cited Page or bibliography. A title page is nice but not essential. Then, Congratulate yourself. You have written a research paper!
