Short Essay Assignment 1 Write a 300-500 word summary of ONE of the following ar

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Short Essay Assignment 1
Write a 300-500 word summary of ONE of the following articles
From Chapter 12: (1) Peter Singer’s All Animals are Equal (2) Tom Regan’s “The Case for Animal Rights,” (3) Mary Anne Warren’s “Difficulties with the Strong Animal Rights Position,” (4) Carl Cohen’s “The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research,” (5) Tristram McPherson’s “How to Argue for (and Against) Ethical Veganism.”
Or from Chapter 13: (1) William Baxter “People or Penguins,” (2) Walter Sinnott-Armstrong’s “It’s Not My Fault: Global Warming and Individual Moral Obligations, (3) David Schmidtz “Are All Species Equal?” (4) Aldo Leopold’s “The Land Ethic.”
Details for all short-essay assignments
For this class there are three required short-essay assignments. The short essay entries should be one page focussed essays (300-500 words), with a thesis statement and developed position, outlining the main argument of the article that you choose. They should display a full understanding of the ideas of the reading. Even though you will be giving an account of a philosopher’s perspective, be sure to focus on the rationale that the philosopher provides for his or her position. The articles you are reading are position papers. You need only show that you have competently understood the perspective. For the essays, ask yourself what the philosophers major point is. Then consider what evidence he or she provides to support that point. Do multiple drafts before submitting the essay. Keep in mind the formal issues of grammar, sentence structure, formatting. Organize your short essay around a thesis and find a red thread to connect all of your ideas into a coherent short essay. The journal is due one day before the presentation topic is to be covered in class.
Finally, don’t plagiarize and don’t over-quote. A quote is acceptable now and then. But put it in quotation marks. Everything else needs to be in your own words. Plagiarism will result in a failing grade on the assignment and may result in your being withdrawn from or failing the course.
Sample Essay
Though this journal entry is not on one of the applied ethics topics, it does provide a pretty good example of the form of journal entry desired. 1) It is clear and well-written. 2) It references ideas in the book. 3) It succinctly describes some of the arguments important to the topic. 4) It uses quotes appropriately to support the views discussed. One critical point: It could have a clearer thesis that ties together the ideas of the two paragraphs.
Briefly describe hard determinism. What speaks for and against it?
Firstly, determinism is the idea that all “events are determined or necessitated by preceding events and the laws of nature” (Vaughn, p. 241). Essentially, it is the view that no action or occurrence exists as free because everything has a cause. This theory results in an interesting dilemma when considering whether humans have autonomy over any of their choices, otherwise known as free will. Hard determinism propounds that free will does not exist. This interpretation suggests that free will and determinism are at odds with each other, and thus “we never act freely” (Vaughn, 2019, p.243). As 18th century philosopher, Baron d’Holbach states in his essay Of the System of Man’s Free Agency – “his habits are in the power of those who cause him to contract them” (Vaughn, p. 247). He implies that there is a source of every choice, and thus no choice or ‘habit’ is truly by the free nature of man.
However, there are certain objections to the ideology. For one, John Locke explains in his essay: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, that even if individual’s desires are caused by preceding events, if ever there is a choice and one is not being prevented from choosing, then free will is utilized (Vaughn, p.251). For example, let’s say that, by the application of hard determinism, a boy’s decision to attend University X is not at his own freeness but rather due to events leading him to be placed in the position to choose that university. However, by Locke’s theory if the boy received offers from University X and University Y and the there were no outside factors limiting his ability to choose either one, then surely his final choice was a result of his own free will.
Sources
Vaughn, Lewis. 2019. Doing Ethics. Oxford: Oxford UP.

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