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Phenomenological and Ethnographic Research
Phenomenology and ethnography are two qualitative research methods commonly used in social sciences. Ethnography is a comprehensive study of people and their cultures. On the other hand, phenomenology is the individual’s subjective and lived experiences and opinions or perspectives. From their definition above, it is clear that the two research methods share some characteristics and differ in others.
Similarities between Phenomenology and Ethnography
Both ethnography and phenomenology are qualitative research methods commonly used by research in social sciences. Both studies are comprehensive and detailed. In ethnographic research, the researcher or researchers gather all necessary information about the community of interest and analyze it to gain an in-depth understanding of the factor of interest in that community (Mol et al., 2017). To gather enough unbiased information, the researcher or researcher lives among the members of the society in question for the duration of the study. For phenomenology, the researcher gathers all the information required about the person of interest through long and intensive interviews (Mol et al., 2017). Lastly, both studies study the experiences and perspectives of people.
Differences between Ethnographic and Phenomenological Research
The differences between the two research methods are more than their similarities. Ethnography is a comprehensive and deep study of collective experiences of people of a particular culture, a systematic study of people and their cultures. Ethnographers study and explore culture from an insider’s viewpoint (Creswell & Poth, 2016). On the other hand, phenomenology is the study of subjective lived experiences and perspectives of the individual study participants. The study assumes that participant’s experiences can be interpreted differently and that reality is found in the meaning of the same experience to different individual participants. Due to the extensive nature of the study and the fact the researcher has direct contact with the culture and its people and the environment they live in, the researcher can use different methods of data collection, including interviews with the members of the society, observations, and analysis of artifacts and other community documents. On the other hand, in phenomenology, the researcher focuses on the individual participants, and therefore interviews serve as the primary data collection method (Creswell & Poth, 2016). The other difference lies in the aims of the study. While ethnography aims to deeply understand the behaviors, culture, beliefs, and attitudes of people of a particular community, phenomenology seeks to understand individual participant’s experiences. The other difference between the two studies is the time each type of study takes (Creswell & Poth, 2016). Ethnography takes a longer time to conclude than phenomenological studies. In ethnography, the researcher covers a vast geographical area and a massive group of dispersed people. Also, aspects of culture such as beliefs, attitudes, and behavior take a long time to understand and generalize. For that reason, an ethnographic study may take months or even years to conclude. On the other hand, phenomenology considers specific people who already understand their lived experiences and are available whenever the researcher needs them. Phenomenology, therefore, takes a shorter period than ethnography.
Examples of Phenomenological and Ethnographic Studies
An example of phenomenological study would be registered nurse’s (RN’s) perspectives of providing care for refugees in nursing. In such a research, the research will only interview the RNs who have provided care to refugees in refugee camps to obtain their perspectives about their experiences. An example of an ethnographic study would be the effects of drug and substance abuse on youth and adolescents. In such a study, the researcher’s focus would be on the sub-culture of youth and adolescents.
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