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Personality Theories. Alfred Adler Forum Post 250 Words +, 3 Responses 100 Words +

    I need support with this Psychology question so I can learn better.

    Discussion

    Which one of the theories discussed in this week’s readings do you think is most useful in understanding and explaining personality development in contemporary society? Explain your position. Be sure to select a theory, briefly describe it and name the theorist, rather than a general concept. Link your chosen theory directly to aspects of personality development in contemporary society you are attempting to explain rather than only summarizing the theory. No points can be assigned if you do the latter.

    Do not need to do formal ciatation.

    https://www.oercommons.org/authoring/22859-personality-theory/5/view

    Response #1

    Hello class,

    I enjoyed the readings and articles for this week. I kept going back and forth in choosing which theory I felt was most useful and relatable in today’s society. With that being said, I chose Alfred Adler’s theory of Individual Psychology. Before I get into links of real-world aspects of this theory, part of the reason I chose Adler is because I felt I could relate to him on a personal level, as well, especially after Phyllis Bottome summarized him, and how she understood him as a person.

    My summarized take away of Individual Psychology is that it is based on how a child develops into a unique individual by beginning life with on-going feelings of inferiority, while venturing through a unique style of life and setting goals. Throughout life, the child continuously and consistently sets goals, then struggles to meet those goals and/or achieve those goals as a driving force to overcome the aforementioned feelings of inferiority.

    A solid link I’d like to point out with this theory, which I feel relates very well with human beings in today’s society, is the topic of compensation and overcompensation. As human beings, we choose to compensate in one area of our life when we are overcoming hardships or challenges in another area. Doing this not only helps distract us through those trying times, but it also presents an opportunity for an individual to obtain some sort of balance when life may have felt unbalanced for a period of time.

    For examples, if an individual is going through a financial hardship, they will compensate by looking for a second part-time job; however, if an individual went through a significant amount of their life going through a financial hardship, and their goal was to overwork themselves by working an unprecedented amount of hours every week for little to average wages hoping to become a millionaire, this would be considered overcompensating. If an individual loses a loved one or family member, they will compensate by surrounding themselves with a person, or group of people, to distract them from the loss they feel. If an individual loses a loved one or family member, then attempts to distract the loss by burying their self in work by working for hours, or even days on end, with little to no sleep, that would be overcompensating. A child may be going through domestic hardships at home, to compensate for that hardship, they will spend time doing extracurricular activities at school or spend time at a friend’s house after school; however, if a child is going through domestic hardships and chooses to run away from home, that would be overcompensating. I could go on, but I think it goes without saying, many individuals compensate and overcompensate under certain circumstances throughout their style of life.

    Another topic I felt was relatable today is the style of life, previously referred to as the life plan. This topic caught my eye because the first paragraph captured a lot of information I agree with about every individual has a purpose or goal(s) in life, and everyone has difficulties they are faced with in pursuit of those goals. Everyone has their struggles, and it is human nature to overcome those difficulties; however, choosing how to do that and how to compensate is up to the unique individual, and is based on their personality characteristics. I also like how it mentions individual psychology is based more on looking into someone’s future, rather than focusing namely on their past. Which rings true to many areas of today’s society. By knowing someone’s style of life, or life goals, it makes for easier predictions of what an individual will do and/or how an individual will behave, given certain situations or circumstances. For example, in my line of work, knowing an individual’s style of life could help predict their location and their potential actions, if located.

    – Maria

    Response #2

    Which one of the theories discussed in this week’s readings do you think is most useful in understanding and explaining personality development in contemporary society? Explain your position. Be sure to select a theory, briefly describe it and name the theorist, rather than a general concept. Link your chosen theory directly to aspects of personality development in contemporary society you are attempting to explain rather than only summarizing the theory.

    The theory that I think is the most useful and explaining in personality development is Alfred Adler’s “Individual Psychology.” A brief synopsis of the concept is as children we feel inferior to the people and the world around us. After we sense this inferiority as children we make it a life mission to overcome this inferiority and have ambitions of becoming superiority used in the form of goals even if these goals are fantasy. So, to link this theory into our personal development I say we feel inferior to our parents mainly because they are probably the most people we connect to as children,they are our main source of living; they feed us,cloth us, and give us shelter. We are co-dependent of our livelihood amongst these individuals and physically they are usually bigger than us when we are children. When we grow, most children look up to and want to be superheroes, princesses and other individuals who portray the ability of superiority. Then when reality kicks in we set more attainable and realistic goals to gain that superiority. The most sought out goals of people contain whatever gives them the most money and money usually converts to power and power is expensed into superiority. – Frederick

    Response #3

    Hello class,

    The theory I think is most useful in understanding and explaining personality development is Erik Erikson’s eight stage development. This theory suggests that we experience a psychosocial crisis during each stage and we gain strength from the successful resolution of the crisis. For example, in the adolescence stage the psychosocial crisis is identity vs. role diffusion, in this stage children are forming their identity. Children who are gifted, receive affirmations from their peers, and are well trained in the pursuit of their goals have an easier time with this. It sounds easier said than done but during this time children also go through a number of social and physical changes. They’ll go through puberty and be less interested in being socially active with family and more aware of what their peers think of them. You can probably look back at a time in middle school where you’ve done something in order to fit in with a social group or to just feel accepted. The eight stages are almost like a game, where if you don’t master the first level you’ll more than likely have a difficult time in the next or not pass it at all. If children don’t form their identity in the adolescence stage when they’ll have a difficult time with relationships, any relationship they have will be identity-confirming instead of genuine sexual relationship based on love. This behavior can follow us into adulthood, making it difficult to have a partner and start a family. Erik Erikson’s theory was and is still relevant in contemporary society, because each stage is a learning experience and molds our personality.

    Yelinette Turner

    https://www.oercommons.org/authoring/22859-personality-theory/7/view2 CRCJ DB with 2 responses for each DB
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    Setup
    Start by downloading Praat and the data files:

    Praat: Follow the links in the top-left corner of http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/. Or search it up on google

    2. Frog calls

    Start by loading bullfrog.wav. In the Praat Objects window, click Open, Read from file… and then select the sound file on your computer. You should now see “1. Sound bullfrog” listed under the Objects window. Select this sound file in the objects window and click View & Edit on the right. To optimize the spectrogram display and make it a bit easier to analyze the sound, adjust the settings:
    Under the Spectrum menu, make sure Show spectrogram is selected. Under the Spectrum menu, select Spectrogram settings…. Set View range to 03000 Hz. Under the Pitch menu, make sure Show pitch is selected. Under the Pitch menu, select Pitch settings…. Set Pitch range to 70-300 Hz. Under the Intensity menu, select Show intensity. Under the Intensity menu, select Intensity settings…. Set View range to 40-100 dB. Under the Formant menu, make sure Show formants is NOT selected. Under the Pulses menu, make sure Show pulses is NOT selected.
    Questions

    Q1. The bullfrog sound file features a male bullfrog producing a series of croaks. How many croaks are there in total?

    Q2. Some of the croaks in the series contain “stutters,” which are flourishes added to attract females. Compare the second croak and the penultimate (second to last) croak. Which one of the two contains stutters?

    Q3. How long is the second croak (measured in seconds)? Use the blue pitch contour track as a guide. As precisely as possible, click-and-drag to highlight just the portion of the croak that’s spanned by the beginning and end of the blue pitch contour line. (Recall that you can tell the duration of a selected region from the number inside the bar spanning the region. Alternatively, you can click Query and then Get selection length.)

    Q4. Select and play the first two croaks in the series, one by one. Which seems louder to you?

    Q5. Look at the (upper) waveform window (as opposed to the spectrogram below). Compare the first and second croaks. Can you tell which is louder just by looking at the waveforms? How?

    Q6. There are more accurate ways to determine loudness than eyeballing it. Click-and-drag to select the first croak again. You can check the average intensity of the selected region measured in decibels (dB) by clicking Intensity and then Get intensity. For each of the first two croaks, separately, what is each croak’s average intensity? As a reality check, recall that sounds of greater intensity are heard as louder.

    Q7. Now try clicking on Get maximum intensity under the Intensity menu. What does Praat report as the maximum intensity for each of the first two croaks?

    Q8. Do your mean and maximum intensity readings in Q6 and Q7 confirm or contradict your initial loudness judgment from Q4?

    Q9. Click-and-drag to select the first croak again. Click sel in the bottom-left corner to zoom in on the selected region. From this perspective you can begin to see the individual repetitions that make up the complex waveform, but we need to zoom in closer still. Continue to zoom in until you see only about 1215 cycles from the middle portion of the croak. Carefully click-and-drag to highlight a region with exactly 10 cycles. (Note: Try to be as precise as possible here. You want exactly 10 cycles, not 9.5 or 10.5.) Now, what are (a) the start time; (b) the end time; and (c) the duration—i.e., (b) minus (a)—for this segment of ten cycles?

    Q10. Based on your values from Q9 above, what is the average period (i.e. the time duration of an average single cycle)?

    Q11. Estimate the fundamental frequency (F0) of this croak, based on values from Q9 or Q10. (Recall that frequency is the number of cycles completed within one second, and the formula is F = 1/T where F is frequency and T is period.)

    Q12. As with intensity, there are more accurate ways to measure F0. With the 10-cycle region still selected, click Pitch and then Get pitch. According to Praat, what is the mean pitch (F0) of the selected region? How close is this value to your original F0 estimate in Q11? (Note: If the difference is more than 1Hz, something’s probably wrong. Try checking your measurements in Q10 and calculation in Q11 again.)

    3. Bird song

    Next we will analyze the song of the North American black-capped chickadee. As we did for the recording of frog calls, load chickadee.wav, select the sound object, and click View & Edit. Because the bird uses frequencies in a different range than the frog, we need to change settings a bit:
    Under the Spectrum menu, select Spectrogram settings…. Set View range to 010000 Hz. If you previously changed Dynamic range under Spectrogram settings (footnote 1), return it now to its default (standard) setting, 70.0. Under the Pitch menu, select Pitch settings…. Set Pitch range to 100-6000 Hz.
    Q13. What are the separate F0s (fundamental frequencies) of “hey” and “sweetie” in the first song? First, highlight the “hey” syllable by using a combination of the waveform, spectrogram, and pitch contour as a guide. Get pitch (under the Pitch menu) provides mean pitch for the highlighted selection. Now repeat this procedure for the “sweetie” syllable.

    Q14. What is the frequency ratio of “hey” to “sweetie” in the first song? For example, if you answered 5000 Hz for “hey” and 2000 Hz for “sweetie”, your answer would be 5000/2000 or 2.5 to 1.

    Q15. Some argue that even if the male sings the song using different frequencies, he still keeps the frequency ratio between “hey” and “sweetie” roughly the same. Unlike “hey” in the first song, F0 of “hey” in the second song is about 3500 Hz. According to the ratio you calculated in the previous question, what is your prediction of F0 of “sweetie” in the second song?

    Q16. What is the actual F0 of “sweetie” in the second song? Is that similar to your prediction in the previous question?

    4. Write-Up

    Final tips for a good Sound Lab report:
    Use complete sentences. Don’t repeat the entirety of the questions above, but your report should read as English, not just a dump of your calculated values. For example:
    No: “Q1. 8”

    Yes: “Q1. The recording features 8 croaks in total.” (in your own words)helpe withe two simple reading questions
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