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Impact Of Group Behavior

    I need an explanation for this Psychology question to help me study.

    Discussion 2: Impact of Group Behavior

    Group polarization can be defined as the process that can occur after group interaction, when an initial group attitude (e.g., “Our company is the best at providing Service B in this community”) becomes more extreme (e.g., “Our company is the best at providing Service B in this entire region”). Group polarization may be particularly likely when the issue at hand is deemed particularly “important” (Crisp & Turner, 2007, p. 169).

    Groupthink is considered a more extreme version of group polarization and refers to decreased flexibility in group processing and can, in turn, lead to decreases in group productivity. This has never been more evident than in the space shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986, when Challenger exploded in mid-flight. In this case, evidence suggests that groupthink played a major role in this event.

    For this Discussion, review this week’s Learning Resources. Pay particular attention to the impact of groupthink and group polarization. In addition, using the Walden Library, research alternatives to groupthink and group polarization and select an article that discusses an alternative.

    With these thoughts in mind:

    Post by Day 4 a description of a situation in which you experienced or observed negative consequences resulting from groupthink or group polarization. Then describe two consequences as a result of groupthink or group polarization in your example. Finally, using an article from the current literature, explain how one alternative to groupthink or group polarization could have been used in that situation.

    References:
    Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2010). In Essential social psychology (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
    Chapter 5, “Group processes” pp. 126-137
    Article: Klehe, U., Anderson, N., & Hoefnagels, E. A. (2007). Social facilitation and inhibition during maximum versus typical performance situations. Human Performance, 20(3), 223–239.Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. Article: Rovio, E., Eskola, J., Kozub, S. A., Duda, J. L., & Lintunen, T. (2009). Can high group cohesion be harmful? A case study of a junior ice-hockey team. Small Group Research, 40(4), 421-435Responding to Another Students Discussion Board Post
    Help me study for my Business class. I’m stuck and don’t understand.

    This assignment is to articulate a meaningful response that provides respectful and constructive feedback to another students discussion board post. Here is the students post that you are responding to:

    Introduction

    In this discussion board, we will examine the thoughts of Hardy (1990) on the Christian concept of work and choosing a vocation and how does choosing a vocation to coincide with the HRD job design and work systems? These are discussed in Chapter Six Mello (2019). The changing nature of work requires organizations to strategically manage change as part of the work design and redesign (Mello, 2019). The workplace is wanting and needing flexibility and being responsive to the employee’s needs as well as the needs of customers. Designing an organization to meet these needs is a challenge.

    Choosing a Vocation and the Design of Work Systems

    Choosing a career or a vocation is challenging. What if you choose something that you do like because it may pay well? Sometimes the choices we make when we are younger no longer fit our needs as we mature. The Christian concept of work is a twofold process. According to Hardy (1990), the general calling is to be a Christian, which means to take on the virtues appropriate to followers of Christ regardless of a persons station in life. The specific calling is to an occupation. It is when we are considering a specific occupation that we are comforted with the need to identify our gifts and talents; choose an occupation that allows us to use our gifts and talents (Hardy, 1990). The use of our gifts and talents are not just limited to Christian service in the church, but in society as well. When we examine this line of thinking in the design and redesign of work systems; there is a need to meet organizational goals while keeping employees engaged and able to use their gifts and talent.

    Job Rotation

    Job rotation is a lateral transfer of an employee between different jobs in the same organization without a change in the hierarchical rank or salary grade is often considered as a key instrument for management development (Kampkötter, Harbring, and Sliwka, 2018). Job rotation has been a long-standing practice for senior executives so that they can see how different parts of the organization function (Mello, 2019). Recently job the rotation has been offered a development tool for employees to gain additi0nal skills outside of regular job responsibilities (Mello, 2019).

    Job Enrichment

    Job enrichment is not just adding more tasks to an employee’s job. It is giving an employee responsible for their work (Mello, 2019). There are five characteristics will impact worker outcomes

    Skill Variety. The extent that the work allows an employee to use a variety of acquired skills.

    Task Identity. The extent to which the work allows the employee to complete a whole or identifiable piece of work.

    Task significance. The extent to which the employee perceives that his or her work is important and meaningful to those in and outside of the organization.

    Autonomy. The extent to which the employee can work and determine work procedures at their discretion, free of supervision.

    Feedback. The extent to which the work allows an employee to gain a sense of how well responsibilities are being met (Mello, 2019).

    Job enrichment also is job satisfaction and organizational commitment. A negative work-family interface may jeopardize the human resource management efforts that develop committed employees who contribute to the firm’s competitive advantages (Martinez-Sanchez, Perez-Perez, Vela-Jimenez, and Abella-Garces, 2018)

    Human Capital and Investment Theory

    The human capital theory sees employees as an investment. In strategic Human Resource Development, is investing in its key decisions makes. Hardy (1990) discusses that each of us has gifts and talents and it is up to us to find out what those skills are and develop them. Employee development is vital in maintaining and developing the capabilities of both individual employees and the organization as a whole. The theory of investing in employee development is that it creates conditions where employees believe that their organizations value their contribution and care about their employability ( Lee, and Bruvold, 2003). Investing in employees gives the employee a sense of well being, and they are more likely to work harder at their jobs.

    References

    Lee, C. H., and Bruvold, N. T. (2003). Creating value for employees: investment in employee development. The International Journal of Human Resource Managemen, 14(6), 981-1000. doi:10.1080/0958519032000106173

    Hardy, L. (1990). The Fabric of This World. Grand Rapids, MI.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

    Kampkötter, P., Harbring, C., and Sliwka, D. (2018). Job rotation and employee performance – evidence from a longitudinal study in the financial services industry. The International Journal of Human Resource Managemen, 29(10), 1705-1735. doi:10.1080/09585192.2016.1209227

    Martinez-Sanchez, A., Perez-Perez, M., Vela-Jimenez, M. J., and Abella-Garces, S. (2018). Job satisfaction and work-family policies through work-family enrichment. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 35(4/5), 386-402. doi:10.1108/JMP-10-2017-0376

    Mello, J. A. (2019). Strategic human resource management. (5, Ed.) Mason, OH: South-Western.

    *** Here is the original instructions for this students post that you are responding to:

    How does Hardy’s conceptualization of vocation and the “divine economy” specifically connect with the codified work/job design theory outlined in chapter 6 of Mello (2019), and with the general/overarching “investment orientation” regarding human capital framed in chapters 1-4 of Mello?

    Type your response in a Microsoft Word document. Your written response must be in current APA format, double-spaced, and 400–700 words.

    Include a reference page and be sure to have in-text citations for the following sources:

    At least 2 citations from Mello (2015).

    At least 1 citation from Hardy (1990).

    At least 2 citations from related scholarly journals (e.g. Human Resource Management Journal, Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of Strategic Human Resource Management, Journal of Biblical Integration in Business, Christian Scholars Review).outlines for the two essay below?: my nursing assignment help
    I’m studying for my English class and don’t understand how to answer this. Can you help me study?

    Hello, so the homework is about writing an outline for each essay” The American Dream is Leaving America,”https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/26/opinion/sunday/… and ” The Misguided Priorities of Our Educational System” https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/10/opinion/college… separately. make an outline exactly as the outline example i will provide below “drug”.I need help with the settings of the paper as well as the citations: my nursing assignment help
    I’m studying and need help with a Psychology question to help me learn.

    Prejudice and Discrimination

    Introduction

    In many parts of the world and throughout history, prejudice and discrimination exist in different forms. Racism, nepotism, gender discrimination and discrimination against people with disabilities are examples of prejudice and discrimination. Prejudice concerns the irrational and inflexible feelings or thoughts retained by a particular individual or group of persons towards an individual or group of people. Discrimination is the act of developing unwarranted behavior while directing them towards an individual or group of persons. This research project determines the various causes of discrimination and prejudice in contemporary society. The idea is to determine the various ways in which discrimination and prejudice present itself in society together with its effects on society.

    Literature review

    Because of the existing differences among the societies in the world as well as the differences within the workplaces, many researchers have conducted extensive surveys to determine the sources of differences. As a result, comprehensive literature on discrimination and prejudice is born including the major causes of these kinds of discrimination and prejudice as well as the possible mitigation measures to avoid extremes of the prejudices and discrimination.

    According to the study by Snellman(2007), discrimination and prejudice emerge from different sources. Although the study determines that, there exists no precise cause of discrimination and prejudice, subconscious attitudes and perceptions influence people to develop feelings of discontentment concerning others while directing the feelings towards the target population. Discriminating individuals often use other people as scapegoats. The research shows that discrimination and prejudice exist in a very complex state demonstrating the diverse factors and behaviors causing different forms of discrimination including nepotism, racism, ethnicity, stereotyping and other forms of prejudice.

    The conclusions from the research by Tileagă (2015) reveal that economic benefits and socialization are major predictors and causes of prejudice and discrimination. For example, the differences in income between individuals influence the formation of a particular social class. Notably, the rise in lifestyle somewhat makes people develop a certain attitude towards low-income earners or people without adequate money to spend. In this regard, the rise in lifestyle not only influence exclusion and seclusions but also makes people have some perceptions towards other individuals. Consequently, a particular group of people develops attitudes towards the other while discriminating each other.

    Whitley Jr. & Kite (2016) determines that ethnocentrism is a major cause of prejudice and discrimination throughout history. Ethnocentrism concerns the behavior of evaluating other people’s cultural practices basing on the assessor’s culture. For example, since the 15th century, racism has very apparent in the United States. Many people develop certain stereotypes for African Americans, Asian Americans and other immigrants majorly because of the differences in cultures. While some people concentrate on the color of the skin of a certain group of people, others consider the practices of people from where the target group comes from. For example, racists evaluate the conducts, practices, and behaviors of the Africans with the aim to establish the difference with their original culture. The latter develops a particular perception of the target group.

    The literature also reveals that group closures or the development of boundaries for a particular population increase discrimination. It is notable that likeminded people often form groups to drive some interests. As such, the members often define some boundaries that restrict others from joining the group. With these kinds of boundaries, some people develop some negative feelings and attitude towards the group. Similarly, people may form a group with the aim to block the association with others. This way, people continue to have negative perceptions and attitudes towards each other. The developed attitudes influence some conducts and behaviors. The respective parties direct the formed behaviors towards the target group bringing forth discrimination and other forms of prejudice (Dovidio, Hewstone, Glick& Esses, 2010).

    Another major source of discrimination and prejudice as depicted by Snellman (2007) is the social status. Sometimes, people develop a sense of self-satisfaction or lack thereof. When people determine their abilities to satisfy their needs, they mainly grow some attitudes towards others. While the sense of self-satisfaction may influence the need for power and authority, the feelings may lead to undermining other people’s abilities or lack of integration with certain individuals. As such, people continue to form some distances and stereotypes concerning other groups. Consequently, the people end up discriminating one another in various events and life situations. In workplaces, for example, discrimination and prejudice force the employer to turn down job application from specific communities, races or gender mainly because of the undue perceptions against the jobseekers.

    According to the existing literature, people with authoritarian personalities largely have tendencies to influence discrimination and prejudice. Primarily, authoritarian personalities make people reject openly any person they feel are inferior (Whitley Jr. & Kite, 2016). Similarly, the authoritarian people submit without questions to the people they feel that they have some flourishing energies, drive or power. This kind of rejection of a particular group of persons is a form of prejudice and discrimination and that the rejected persons are likely to develop some attitudes or perceptions towards the authoritarian persons. The formed perceptions, feelings, thoughts, and attitudes lead to discrimination and prejudice.

    According to a recent survey by Whitley Jr. & Kite (2016), various theories provide solutions to discrimination and prejudice. The self-esteem theory determines that increased knowledge and self-esteem decreases the development of prejudice and discrimination. Whitley Jr. & Kite (2016) argue that education increases the level of understanding among people. Additionally, socialization requires a high level of self-esteem among people. In this regard, combining education and self-esteem, people will not only understand each other but also will improve their interpersonal and intergroup relations thus avoiding any possible conflicts that may trigger unwarranted feelings attitudes and perceptions about each other. The latter would avoid discrimination and prejudice.

    The cooperation hypothesis determines that conflicting groups must learn to develop strategies and a shared objective while foregoing their interests for the benefit of the group (Tileagă, 2015). According to this theory, it is apparent that members of a group are likely to enhance their relationship by establishing a common goal, foregoing their interests and committing to the group’s effectiveness.

    The legal theory determines that creating and enforcing laws against unwanted behaviors can eliminate discrimination and prejudice in society. it is apparent that people have different interests and feelings towards different situations in life. However, every society needs to establish acceptable practices and the penalties for contradicting the set social standards.

    Conclusion

    As determined above, prejudice and discrimination are a historical, social disorder that has a greater impact on the economic and other aspects of life. The literature reveals that subconscious attitudes and perceptions influence people to develop feelings of discontentment concerning others while directing the feelings towards the target population.

    Page Break

    References

    Dovidio, J. F., Hewstone, M., Glick, P., & Esses, V. M. (2010). Prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination: a theoretical and empirical overview. The SAGE handbook of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination, 3-29. Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b1ce/a4d91d9593ba…

    Snellman, A., (2007). Social Hierarchies, Prejudice, and Discrimination. Retrieved from: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:170901…

    Tileagă, C. (2015). The nature of prejudice: Society, discrimination and moral exclusion. Routledge.

    Whitley Jr, B. E., & Kite, M. E. (2016). Psychology of prejudice and discrimination. Routledge.Case Study, MBA, Short-term investment returns: money market instruments
    I don’t understand this Economics question and need help to study.

    Use attached Template.

    Data Source: https://www.treasurydirect.gov/instit/instit.htm

    This data source will cover all but CDs

    Business-professional quality is expected. Prepare your report as if you are submitting to an upper-level business director/executive.Case will require a qualitative analysis supported by quantitative data.

    Prepare each case using Word, and embed your spreadsheet analysis into your case report.

    You will submit two files for each case assignment:
    One Word file One Excel file (template attached)
    Short-term investment returns: money market instruments Part of your responsibilities as a junior financial analyst is researching and identifying potential short-term liquid investment options for your firm. These investment vehicles are at times used by the firm during periods when their cash inflows exceed projections. The firm, at times, uses excess cash to purchase short-term debt instruments providing a low, but safe marginal return on invested capital. Your Director, who reports to the firm’s Chief Financial Officer (CFO) has come to you seeking your recommendation on short-term investment options for the upcoming year. The Director has asked for recommendations and a report illustrating your optimal analysis for investing $2.5m of excess cash. Current background info: We have a potential impending compound money market problem: The U.S. is issuing more debt, in part due to the recent tax cuts. Simultaneously, the Fed, China, Japan and to a lesser degree Russia have been reducing their holdings of U.S. Debt. Therefore, if the U.S. Treasury Department can’t get entities to their positions holding U.S. debt, then the pressure to increase interest rates to make newly issued securities attractive increases. Increased interest rates at the Treasury means securities prices fall with cascading impacts. Therefore, the current interest rate environment is one where rates are expected to increase. Parameters for the research and analysis report are as follows:

    1.Investments selections are primarily short term (one year or less), but will consider U.S. TreasuryBills of shorter duration as well as TIPS.

    2.A minimum of 3 short term debt money market security types are to be recommended. Theymay include Federal money market bills, U.S. Savings Bonds, CDs, U.S. Treasury Notes, TreasuryBills, and TIPS.

    a.Note: money market investments of the range of two to five years are acceptable.

    b.However, no more than 40% of the portfolio can be invested in a security of withduration of greater than 12 months.

    3.A recommendation on the optimal allocation of $2.5 m across the investment portfolio isrequired.

    4.Current (as of the date of this assignment) rates and investments are to be used.

    The analysis report to be presented to the Director is to include:

    1.Your concise statement and recommendation of the specific short-term investment options thatmeets the firm’s criteria.Followed by:

    2.A detailed summary of the investment asset and the parameters you will use in which to baseyour recommendation.

    3.A detailed description of the upside and downside risk of each investment. The latter is ofparticular importance as the firm may decide to manage excess cash in one or more vehicles forlonger than one year.

    4.Source identifier for all investment selections

    a. Example: website URL

    5. A spreadsheet (embedded into the report) illustrating the following:

    a. Asset category/classification

    b. Specific money market instrument identifier

    i. Example: U.S. Treasury CUSIP

    6. EAR for each investment

    7. YTM for each investment

    a. If held to maturity

    b. If sold at the end of 12 months

    8. Total return for investment portfolio if held to maturity

    9. Spreadsheet model is to include all cell-based formulas for all calculations

    Your conclusion is to summarize the recommendation made in item #1 above

    Format for report. Your report must:

    1. Be presented in Word file format

    2. Analysis must be between 3 to 5 pages maximum, including spreadsheet analysis

    3. Excel spreadsheet is embedded into the Word file

    4. Submit Excel file separately

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