“I recently read Peter Singer’s ‘All Animals are Equal.’

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QUESTION
1. Consider this passage:
“I recently read Peter Singer’s ‘All Animals are Equal.’ Singer says a lot of insightful things, but he overcomplicates the issue
of animal treatment and why it is morally required to be a vegetarian. We should begin with the fact that all forms of meatproducing animal agriculture in our society cause sentient animals to suffer for no good reason. As Singer says, sentient
animals are ones that can experience enjoyment and or suffering. It’s obvious that meat-producing animal agriculture
causes sentient animals to suffer: the animals are confined in unnatural ways and then they are killed in painful ways.
Furthermore, animal agriculture causes this suffering for no good reason: we could get equally good nutrition from a diet of
plants and cruelty-free eggs and dairy products. There’s no good reason for us to kill animals to get their meat. (Sure, some
indigenous peoples in remote locations must kill and eat animals to survive. But that’s not us. Or maybe people who are
stranded in the wilderness need to kill and eat animals to survive. But we are not stranded in the wilderness!) Now here’s
my next step: if all forms of meat-producing animal agriculture cause sentient animals to suffer for no good reason, then it is
morally wrong to engage in these practices or to pay others to engage in them. Therefore, it’s wrong either to run a business
that slaughters animals or to pay someone else to slaughter animals for you. But: if it’s wrong to pay others to slaughter
animals for you, then it’s wrong to purchase and consume meat. That’s why I think it’s wrong to consume meat.”
● This passage contains a valid argument for the author’s view that has the following logical form:
1. p
2. p -> q
3. Therefore, q.
4. q -> r.
5. Therefore, r.
● Extract this argument from the text; write it down in this form.
● Explain and evaluate each premise of your reconstruction (lines 1, 2, and 4). First provide the rationale for each of these
premises (doing your best to explain and justify the views of the author). Then, state whether you believe each premise is
true or false and why. Go line-by-line. Finally, is the argument factually correct?
2. Here is John T. Noonan’s classic argument for the view that it is morally wrong to abort except to save the life of the mother.
(Assume that “a person” throughout here means “a member of the moral community; a bearer of rights and responsibilities” to get
around the equivocation issue raised by Warren.)
1. If a fetus is a person, then it has full moral standing (including a right to life).
2. If a fetus has full moral standing (including a right to life), then it is morally wrong to take actions resulting in its death,
except to save another life.
3. A fetus is a person.
4. Therefore, it is morally wrong to take actions resulting in a fetus’s death, except to save another life (e.g., the life of the
mother).
● Which premise of this argument does Judith Thomson attack? Explain the thought experiment Thomson uses to attack this
premise (hint: it involves a famous violinist). Does Thomson succeed in refuting the line she attacks? Why or why not?
● Which premise of this argument does Mary Anne Warren attack? Explain the thought experiment that Warren uses to
attack this premise (hint: it involves a space traveller encountering a new race of beings). Does Warren succeed in refuting
the line she attacks? Explain.
● Does Don Marquis have a way of getting around the problem Warren mentions (to support the idea that abortion is
wrong)? If so, what is it? Evaluate Marquis’s view about why abortion is wrong.
 

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