I need to answer explain/describe the following qustions for the assighmnet 1.

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I need to answer explain/describe the following qustions for the assighmnet
1. Using the following terms, describe the structure of a synovial joint. What is/are the
purpose(s) of each?
a) Articular surfaces
b) Hyaline cartilage
c) Joint capsule
d) Synovial membrane
e) Synovial fluid
What type of synovial joint, based on structure, are each of these joints?
a) Femoroacetabular joint
b) Radiocapitular joint
c) Facet joint
d) First metacarpophalangeal joint
Define the following terms? Isometric, isotonic, isokinetic, concentric, eccentric
What type of contraction (based on the terms in 6) are the main muscles that perform the
following motions/exercises? Which is the agonist(s) and antagonist(s)?
a) Squat
b) Deadlift
c) Opening a doorknob
d) Abdominal bracing
e) Bicep curl
f) Push up
g) Side bridge
h) Plank
i) Bird dog
What are the differences between open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain? What are
proposed benefits of each?
Give examples of open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain exercise for the shoulder, hip,
elbow and knee. What makes each of those exercises open kinetic chain or closed kinetic
chain?
Be able to describe an exercise using anatomical terms, including the starting position
(often described relative to anatomical position), the motions for all the joints, which
muscles are activated to complete the exercise and the types of muscle contractions
involved.
How would you instruct a client to perform abdominal bracing? During abdominal bracing,
as described by Stuart McGill, which “core” muscles contract isometrically?
What core/trunk muscles are primarily used in the following exercises? Are the muscles
activated isometrically, concentrically or eccentrically (it may be more than one depending
on the phase of the exercise)?
a) Crunch to the left
b) Side bend (standing)
c) Bird dog
d) Curl up with abdominal bracing
e) Side plank
f) (Front) Plank
g) Back extension
h) Dead lift
What changes would make these exercises easier or harder to match your client’s ability?
a) (Front) Plank
b) Curl Up
c) Side Plank
d) Bird dog
16) What is the purpose of the Cat/camel exercise in terms of mobility, strength, flexibility and
stiffness?
17) What are the concerns of the following exercises with respect to the lower back?
a) Superman
b) Heavy resistance lumbar extension
c) Sit ups
d) Supine straight leg raises
18) Answer the following questions based on this case: Twenty-two-year-old Ben sustained an
injury to his low back while performing a deadlift. He experienced an immediate sharp pain
and swelling in his low back that progressed to stiffness and tightness. Ben also noted
warmth and tenderness in his low back and had pain with standing up straight. His pain and
swelling subsided within 2 weeks, but the decreased spine flexibility persisted for 3 months.
No imaging (X-ray, MRI etc.) was done. Ben initially treated his symptoms with rest, ice, and
stretching. There were no signs of nerve injury.
a) What were Ben’s initial symptoms of warmth, swelling and pain caused by?
b) Was the injury onset acute or chronic? What does that mean for training?
c) What was the mechanism of injury?
d) Ben used ice initially. What are the benefits of ice in this situation?
e) How would you modify Ben’s exercise program to avoid aggravating his symptoms if you
saw him at:
i) Three weeks post injury?
For the following injuries, describe the injury, compare and contrast the signs and
symptoms including any aggravating factors and explain the typical mechanism of injury for
each.
a) Lumbar sprain/strain
b) Lumbar disk herniation with Sciatica
c) Sacroiliac ligament sprain
d) Degenerative disc disease
What recommendations would you give to someone who has a previous history of
mechanical lower back pain to help prevent a reoccurrence? Would this change your
exercise program for this person, if so, how? What about someone who has had a previous
lumbar disc herniation?
Which muscles are short/tight and which muscles are lengthened/weak with each of the
following syndromes? What are the injuries/conditions associated with each?
a) Upper Cross Syndrome
b) Lower Cross Syndrome
What muscles are short/tight and which are lengthened/weak with each of the following
postural changes? How would you recognize each of these postural changes? Be able to
give an exercise to correct each (stretch the tight muscles, strengthen the weak muscle).
a) Forward head posture
b) Forward (slouched) shoulders
c) Elevated shoulder(s)
d) Increased thoracic kyphosis
e) Increased lumbar lordosis/anterior pelvic tilt
How would you instruct a client to isolate the transversus abdominis, while minimizing the
activation of other abdominal wall muscles?
How would you instruct a client to find neutral posture when talking about the lumbar
spine? What is the purpose of finding this position when working on core exercises?

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