Clearly state your chosen topic, your research question and the theory you have selected for answering the question.

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I. Introduction
Clearly state your chosen topic, your research question and the theory you have selected for answering the question. Provide a brief explanation as to why you have chosen your topic and how and why your topic and your research question are worth studying. If you have done a small empirical study, offer a very brief overview of what you found. Finally, provide an essay map –> “In this paper, I do this first, this second, this third, etc.”
II. Summary of the theory/theoretical framework and explanation of its selection
Provide a brief summary of your selected theory’s/theoretical framework’s main ideas. Briefly explain why you have chosen it to address your particular question.
III. Literature review: Summary and synthesis
What is “literature”? Although you might think of novels and poetry when you hear the word “literature,” for a piece of research the meaning is more specific. In terms of a literature review, “the literature” means the works you consulted in order to understand and investigate your research problem.
The following academic research sources may be useful to you in your literature review: journal articles, books, conference proceedings, government and corporate reports, theses and dissertations, Internet (electronic journals). Look for “refereed” electronic journals (e-journals), meaning there is an editorial board that evaluates the quality of the work prior to publication.
You may also use a few non-academic sources (newspapers, magazines, Internet articles) to provide background information about a topic, general trends, or to examine media coverage, etc.. However it is best to rely primarily on academic research sources for the literature review as much as you can.
How many sources should I include in the literature review? If your paper is primarily a literature review and theoretical framework (no data collection or analysis), include 12-15 sources. If you are going to collect original data or analyze secondary data, include 8-10 sources.
What is the purpose of the literature review? Your literature review will be tailored to the purposes of your paper, but it should:
– summarize and synthesize the major research relevant to your topic (explaining that research clearly enough for an educated layperson to understand);
– identify the theoretical position from which you begin, or from which you are working;
As you examine different studies, read with a purpose: You need to summarize the work you read but you must also decide which ideas or information are important to your research (so you can emphasize them), and which are less important and can be covered briefly or left out of your review. You should also look for the major concepts, conclusions, theories, arguments etc. that underlie the work, and look for similarities and differences with closely related work.
How should the literature review be written? A literature review represents a synthesis of the research related to your problem/issue, not a summary. Look across all the literature you examined and identify relevant themes or subtopics, and then summarize the part of each article/book/book chapter that relates to that sub-topic, then on to the next sub-topic, etc. For example, if your topic is media literacy, your first sub-topic might be the impact of media violence, which would include mention of relevant parts of research from various articles/books related to that, followed by the next subtopic of impact of media literacy/education, etc.
Where should my analysis of/assessment of the literature come? At the end of your literature review, you need to critically assess the studies you have found and selected and build an argument about how/why you find them to be (in)effective, both within the context of the larger theory/theoretical framework within which they are located and in terms of their ability to help you answer your research question.
As you develop your analysis of the literature you have collected, consider the following questions:
Based on the literature you have reviewed, what do we currently know about your selected topic and, more specifically, about the answer to your research question?
What gaps or limitations can you identify in the literature you reviewed? Which of them are due to the limitations of the theoretical framework you chose? What are some other possible reasons for the gaps in the literature?
What other theories may be relevant to the study of the topic and how?
IV. Methodology (only if doing a small empirical study)
This section outlines how you plan to study your problem in order to answer your research questions or test your hypothesis. Do you plan to use a survey, experiment, focus groups, content analysis, discourse/textual analysis, etc.? Also, why are you using this approach? Is this a pilot/pre-test or a more formal study? This section should include the following:
Sample: Who/what are you studying? Are you doing a survey of soap opera fans? Are you analyzing letters of viewers who watch reality-based TV shows?, etc. You should also state your reason for selecting this sample. Also include the size of your sample (this may be fairly small for purposes of this project—e.g., 8-10 surveys, etc.).
Measurement: How are you measuring your concepts and/or variables (social sciences approaches)? For example, if you are asking survey respondents about TV viewing, how will you measure this concept? What questions will you ask and why?
Data Collection: Are you collecting original data or using secondary data that someone else selected? What constitutes your data? (survey responses, analysis of film texts, etc.) What procedures are you using to collect your data?
V. Findings and analysis of findings (only if doing a small empirical study)
What do your data show? If you did a qualitative/quantitative analysis, you will need to summarize and analyze your data, presenting it in summary form such as in tables (percentages, qualitative summaries of sub-themes, etc.). Do the data support or not support the hypotheses? Or, if you used a research question, how would you answer the question based on your data?
VI. Conclusion
This section restates in condensed form some of the key points you have made earlier in the paper. While it may seem a bit redundant, you need to include:
A brief summary of what your literature review showed in terms of current knowledge about your question; what we still don’t know; what needs to be done to address the gaps in the current literature.
A summary of your conclusions about the suitability of your chosen theory to address this particular question and other similar ones.
An evaluation of what the theory does particularly well and what it fails to do. In other words, what are the advantages and disadvantages of using this theory to answer your question?
Ideas on directions future scholarship might take to address research gaps and enhance our knowledge of this topic.
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