ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

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Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology

Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology
Unit 1: Cellular Homeostasis
Unit Introduction – Cellular Homeostasis
Welcome to Unit 1 of the course! During Unit 1, you will be focusing on the key concepts of cellular biology and alterations at the cellular and tissue level. It is essential that advanced practice nurses have a foundational understanding of basic cellular structure and function in order to understand and apply concepts of cellular and tissue alterations. Specifically, in this first unit, your focus is to learn about the course and the advanced knowledge and skills needed by advanced practice nurses who will be caring for and educating patients across the lifespan with many different pathologies.
Unit Learning Objectives
Apply knowledge of homeostatic mechanisms, such as fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and theroregulation to normal physiology and pathophysiologic conditions. (CLO 1,6)
Compare cellular injury and adaptation. (CLO 1,6)
Contrast two general theories of aging. (CLO 1,6)
Apply the forces favoring and opposing the movement of water between body compartments to the different causes of edema. (CLO 1,6)
Analyze the effect of specific hormones of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. (CLO 1,6)
Predict fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances likely in select pathophysiologic conditions (CLO 1,6)
Learning Materials
Textbook
McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). Elsevier.
Chapter 1, “Cellular Biology”
Chapter 2, “Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology”
Chapter 3, “The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids, and Bases”
Note: Unless otherwise noted, all articles are available through the University of St. Augustine Library.
Textbook PowerPoint(s)
McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). ” Cellular Biology ” [PowerPoint slides]. Elsevier.
McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). “ Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology “ [PowerPoint slides]. Elsevier.
McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). “ The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids, and Bases ” [PowerPoint slides]. Elsevier.
Faculty Lecture(s)
Dunlap, J. (2020). NUR 7610  Chapter 2 – Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology.ppsx
Dunlap, J. (2020). NUR 7610  Chapter 2 – Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology – NonRecorded.pptx
Optional Resources
Articles
Xu, X., & Ren, J. (2012). Unmasking the Janus faces of autophagy in obesity-associated insulin resistance and cardiac dysfunction. Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology, 39(2), 200–208. http://prx-usa.lirn.net/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=70856882&site=eds-live
Note: Retrieved from the University of St. Augustine Library database.
Guyenet, P. G., & Bayliss, D. A. (2015). Neural control of breathing and CO2Homeostasis. Neuron, 87(5), 946–961. doi:http://dx.doi.org.prx-usa.lirn.net/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.08.001 https://prx-usa.lirn.net/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1709551144?accountid=158603
Note: Retrieved from the University of St. Augustine Library database.
Hafycz, J. & Naidoo, N. (2019). Sleep, aging and cellular health: aged-related changes in sleep and protein homeostasis converge in neurodegenerative disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00140
Note: Hafycz library link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6579877/pdf/fnagi-11-00140.pdf
Khan Academy. (n.d.). Homeostasis. Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/principles-of-physiology/body-structure-and-homeostasis/a/homeostasis
Tooze, S., and Zoncu, R. (2015). Control of cellular homeostasis: Organelles take the pilot’s seat. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 26(6), 1009–1010. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E14-12-1589
Note: Tooze article web link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4357499/
Media
Alila Medical Media. (2017, October 17). Acid base balance, animation [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzEEs00v-JU&t=80s
Khan Academy. (n.d.). Unit: Cells [Video]. https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells
Khan Academy. (2015, July 30). Osmosis [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCNlG_j_gSM
Khan Academy. (2009, December 11). Krebs, citric acid cycle, cellular respiration, biology [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juM2ROSLWfw
Woodruff, D. (2014, January 10). Altered cellular biology [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iVj5tv97UQ8&t=12s
Faculty Lecture: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
Attached Files:
 Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Transcript.pdf (84.464 KB)
 Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Handout.pdf (74.54 MB)
Unit 1: Discussion/Introductions
To participate in your Introductions Discussion, click the above link and follow the instructions.
Take a moment to introduce yourself. Things to consider are: Where do you live? What area do you work in? Where would you like to work as an FNP? Feel free to share any other fun details about yourself.
Unit 1 & 2: Discussion Week 1 & 2
To participate in your Unit 1 and 2 combined discussion, click the above link to navigate to the discussion board. Then click “Create Thread” and follow the instructions.
The purpose of this combined Week 1 and 2 discussion is to examine how your body maintains homeostasis (Week 1 topics) as well as evaluate genetics and epigenetics (Week 2 topics). This Discussion is intended to allow you to show evidence of achieving the following Course Learning Outcomes (CLO):
CLO1: Apply concepts of pathophysiology at the cellular and systems levels for individuals and populations across the lifespan (ILO 1; PLO 1,7; MSN Essential I)
CLO2: Examine the impact of genetics and epigenetics on lifestyle and selected pathologies across the lifespan (ILO 1; PLO 1,7; MSN Essential I)
CLO3: Examine concepts of inflammation and immunity  (ILO 1; PLO 1,7; MSN Essential I)
CLO6: Analyze the etiology and advanced pathophysiological alterations of selected body systems for common primary care diagnoses across the lifespan  (ILO 1; PLO 1,7; MSN Essential I)
Discussion Scenario, choose one of the following:
Briefly explain how the body maintains homeostasis through fluid and electrolyte balance.
Briefly explain how the body maintains homeostasis though acid-base balance.
Compare and contrast Capillary hydrostatic pressure and Capillary oncotic pressure
Compare and contrast Interstitial hydrostatic pressure and interstitial oncotic pressure
Discuss the role of reactive oxygen species in cellular injury.
Compare and contrast DNA Hydroxymethylation and DNA Methylation?
Describe the pathophysiologic effects of alcohol exposure to a fetus? What are the long term implications?
Discuss the inheritance pattern of cystic fibrosis. What are the chances that a couple could transmit the condition to their offspring?
Initial Post:
Include at least 2 scholarly, peer reviewed, timely sources (within 5 years) in your response.
Writing should be in a professional format with APA appropriate citations and references.
Please note that on submission to the discussion board, Blackboard often alters the formatting of the post. This is taken into consideration when faculty grade the post.
Peer Post:
Respond to at least 2 peers whose topics are different than your own.
Include at least 1 scholarly, peer reviewed, timely source (within 5 years) in your response.
Your response should either add to the content of the topic or based on research findings you include ask additional questions on the topic.
Response should be at least 100 words excluding references.
Faculty Questions:
Faculty will be present during the week on the discussion board. It is expected that you will respond to any questions posed directly to you by faculty during the week. A failure to respond may result in a deduction of points as indicated in the Discussion Grading Rubric
Please refer to the grading rubric for further details on the content expectations. You can find this under “My Grades”, “Unit 1: Discussion”.
Initial post due date: Day 7 (Sunday) of Unit 1
Peer post and Faculty response to any faculty questions due date: Day 7 (Sunday) of Week 2
Please note: Internet searches will often take you to non-academic information resources such as Wikipedia.com, Ask.com, Encarta.msn.com, Infoplease.com, etc. For a graduate-level course, you may not supplement your literature search with these sources because they do not come under a formal oversight or peer-review process.
Please do not submit anything in the form of an attachment to the main forum (unless requested by the Instructor), since it is more likely to transmit viruses and becomes difficult to open.
Unit 1: Check Your Knowledge Quiz
To complete the Check Your Knowledge Quiz for Unit 01, click the above link.
Check Your Knowledge Quizzes are due by Sunday of the week they are posted.
Unit 1 Respondus Practice Quiz (**Webcam**) – Requires Respondus LockDown Browser
The Purpose of the Respondus Practice Quiz is to validate the functionality of the Respondus browser on your personal device. You must first download the Respondus Browser to your device. Please see link on the left hand panel of the course title “Respondus Help” if you have not downloaded this already. Additionally, the quiz will collect information pertaining to the validation of your review of course materials.
Unit 2: Genetics and Epigenetics
Unit Introduction – Genetics and Epigenetics
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) underpins the genetic composition of all living things. In the 20th century, Gregory Mendel discovered the importance of chromosomes and genes as the basic units of inheritance. Since then, there has been sequencing of DNA, which is a primary constituent comprising DNA. DNA is the body’s blueprint for genetic sequencing and genetic composition. It is relevant to learn about genetics and the impact of genetic composition while caring for patients across the lifespan. For example, approximately one-third of pediatric patients have some degree of genetic disease. During Unit 2, you will focus on concepts related to genes and genetic disease, gene-environment interactions, and common genetic diseases impacting patients across the lifespan.
Unit Learning Objectives
Describe the following elements of inheritance: autosomal, sex-linked, carrier, dominant, and recessive.  (ILO 1; CLO 2,6; MSN Essential I)
Evaluate pedigree charts for the inheritance patterns of genetic diseases. (ILO 1; CLO 2,6; MSN Essential I)
Apply concepts of the Punnett square. (ILO 1; CLO 2,6; MSN Essential I)
Apply concepts associated with genetics and epigenetics.(ILO 1; CLO 2,6; MSN Essential I)
Discuss genetic abnormalities and resulting clinical abnormalities associated with selected genetic disorders. (ILO 1; CLO 2,6; MSN Essential I)
Learning Materials
Textbook
McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). Elsevier.
Chapter 4, “Genes and Genetic Diseases”
Chapter 5, “Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases”
Chapter 6, “Epigenetics and Disease”
Textbook PowerPoint(s)
Chapter 4 – McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019).  Genes and genetic diseases. [PowerPoint slide]. Elsevier
Chapter 5 – McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019).  Genes, environment, lifestyle, and common diseases. [PowerPoint slide]. Elsevier
Chapter 6 – McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019).  Epigenetics and disease. [PowerPoint slide]. Elsevier
Faculty Lecture(s)
Dunlap, J. (2020). NUR 7610  Chapter 5 – Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases.ppsx
Dunlap, J. (2020). NUR 7610  Chapter 5 – Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases-NonRecorded.pptx
Dunlap, J. (2021). NUR 7610  Chapter 6 – Epigenetics/methylation.ppsx
Dunlap, J. (2021). NUR 7610  Chapter 6 – Epigenetics/demethylation-NonRecorded.pptx
Optional Resources
Articles
Calzone, K., Kirk, M., Tonkin, E., Badzek, L., Benjamin, C., & Middleton, A. (2018). The global landscape of nursing and genomics. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 50(3), 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12380
Godino, L., & Skirton, H. (2012). A systematic review of nurses’ knowledge of genetics. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 2(3), 173. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v2n3p173
Godino Web Link: http://www.sciedu.ca/journal/index.php/jnep/article/view/598
Polli, A., Ickmans, K., Godderis, L., & Nijis, J. (2019). When environment meets genetics: A clinical review of the epigenetics of pain, psychological factors and physical activity. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 100(6), 1153–1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2018.09.118
Wayne, M. & Cheng, H. (2017). Genetics and epigenetics of autism: A review. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 72, 228–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12606
Wayne Web link: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pcn.12606
Media
Beverly Biology. (2016, November 14). Autosomal recessive vs autosomal dominance [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYdOeHAhaHA
Garvan Institute of Medical Research. (2018, April 25). Epigenetics and cancer detection – Dr. Right Pidsley [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5B-3YVWZLqg
Garvan Institute of Medical Research. (2015, March 5). Epigenetics basics – Garvan Institute [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hgYMgNrr7mQ
National Geographic. (2018, July 12). Genetics 101 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8tJGlicgp8
Osmosis. (2017, July 3). Klinefelter syndrome – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2i0Ms71DN44
Osmosis. (2018, January 8). Fragile X syndrome – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afH4-_xFVmY&t=112s
Stand Up to Cancer. (2018, April 3). Cancer treatment: Epigenetics [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYTjTGLmg1Q
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. (2018, July 8). Introduction to Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=my0zhvCe9HY
Woodruff, D. (2014, January 20). Genetic alterations [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1Aaf_HLWIQ&t=38s
Faculty Lecture: Epigenetics Processes
Attached Files:
 Epigenetics Processes Transcript.pdf (31.319 KB)
 Epigenetics Processes Handout.pdf (153.239 MB)
Faculty Lecture: Chapter 5: Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Disease

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