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You must then post two replies of at least 250
words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the assigned Module: Week. For each
thread, you must support your assertions with at least two scholarly citations
in APA format. Each reply must incorporate at least two scholarly citation (s)
in APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five
years. Acceptable sources include the textbook, peer-reviewed journal articles,
government sources, professional association websites, etc.
Response 1 Kayla Hix: Share the details of 1 major event in history where the proper or improper use of intelligence made a significant difference in the outcome of the event. Be detailed. Remember the types of intelligence available now and then along with the intelligence cycle.
Attack at Pearl Harbor
“I have paid attention and listened, but they have not spoken rightly; no man relents of his evil, saying, ‘What have I done?’ Everyone turns to his own course, like a horse plunging headlong into battle” (Jeremiah 8:6).
Improper Use of Intelligence
On December 6, 1941, a United States service member intercepted a Japanese message detailing the movement of ships near Pearl Harbor. Upon receiving the message, the information was passed along to a person of a superior ranking and they stated they would get around to it on December 8, 1941. The next day on December 7, 1941, a radar operator spotted a large group of aircrafts headed towards Oahu. The operator contacted higher about the situation and was told not to worry and that it was just U.S. B-17 Bombers (National, 2020).
On December 7, 1941, the Japanese military launched an aerial strike on Pearl Harbor Naval Base on the Oahu Island of Hawaii. This event sparked the beginning of what the world today knows as World War II. The attack started at roughly 8 a.m. and lasted an hour. A total of 353 aircrafts were dispatched from four naval carriers consisting of various types of planes and fighter jets. At the conclusion of the attack, there were 2,403 casualties, of which 68 were civilians, and 19 naval ships. The Japanese 129 Soldiers, one hostage, lost 29 aircrafts and five submarines (Town, 2022).
“More than that, we rejoice in our sufferings, knowing that suffering produces endurance, and endurance produces character, and character produces hope, and hope does not put us to shame, because God’s love has been poured into our hearts through the Holy Spirit who has been given to us” (Romans 5:3-5). Though this battle claimed the lives of many, it gave the U.S. the endurance that was needed to carry them through WWII. In just a few months by June of 1942, the U.S. showed resiliency sinking four Japanese fleet carriers.
This incident was a clear failure of intelligence on behalf of the United States. There were factors from nearly every level of intelligence that fell short. Strategic intelligence requires policy, strategy and military plans to accomplish an operation. National level plans are usually made at the strategic level. Operational intelligence supports field operations in the field focusing on the monitoring of strengths, weaknesses and opportunities. Tactical intelligence is intelligence for the now. This type of intelligence supports current existing problems focusing on timely and short-term operations. Other forms of intelligence such as political and military intelligence are the more apparent forms (Bentley, 2022).
The cycle of intelligence consists of six parts. Step one is planning and direction followed by collection, processing, analysis, dissemination and reevaluation. As an active-duty Officer, I do not doubt that there were processes and procedures in place to alleviate the loss of information as crucial as this in the chain of command reporting system. It appears that at step three the flow of information came to a halt. Once the surveillance information left the observer and was reported just one level higher, the processing and analysis of the situation at hand ceased. Although that leader had intentions of looking into the matter at a later date, it was far too late (Bentley, 2022).
The means of intelligence collection were human intelligence, signal intelligence and measurement and signature intelligence. Human intelligence is simply intelligence gathered by a human being. The service member heard firsthand radio traffic on the intentions of the Japanese military. Signal intelligence is the use of electronic communications. Measurement and signal intelligence is the use of radars to detect aircrafts and missiles. This means of intelligence was not apparent until moments before the battle began (Bentley, 2022).
“Therefore, stay awake, for you do not know on what day your Lord is coming. But know this, that if the master of the house had known in what part of the night the thief was coming, he would have stayed awake and would not have let his house be broken into. Therefore you also must be ready, for the Son of Man is coming at an hour you do not expect” (Matthew 24:42-44). We do not know when our enemy will face us. If we knew for sure most of us would be standing there ready to put up a fight. A strategy an enemy will use is to attack when you least expect it. In this case, the U.S. had the warning sign the day prior but lacked the sense of urgency on the matter. In the end, this cost them many lives and assets.
Word Count: 765
Reference
Bentley, J. (2022) Understanding Intelligence. Retrieved May 10, 2022 from https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/287076/pages/watch-understanding-intelligence?module_item_id=28634318
National Archives and Records Administration. (2020, April 10). Remembering Pearl Harbor . . . 70 years later. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved May 10, 2022, from https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2011/winter/ph-decklogs.html
The Holy Bible. (2011). Collins.
Town, C. (2020). Intelligence and Surprise Attack: Applying Lessons of the Pearl Harbor and 9/11 Failures to the Modern Information Sharing Environment (Doctoral dissertation, AMERICAN MILITARY UNIVERSITY). Retrieved May 10, 2022.
Response 2 Arthur Raines: The War in Ukraine has been at the forefront of the news in the last three months. It has been a highly publicized war, with information pouring in from all over the world. Before the first Russian soldier entered Ukraine on 24 February 2022, tons of intelligence were processed and reviewed. Both sides have many examples of successful intelligence and poor intelligence.
The Intelligence Early On
The year before the attack, Russia continued to deny its intention to attack Ukraine. However, the intelligence indicated a build-up of troops on their borders starting in March and April 2021. US European Command noted this information as they raised their awareness level to “potential Imminent crisis” (Funaiole, 2021). Russia described the build-up as training exercises and that a drawdown would follow. However, the retraction of forces never materialized, and the deployments set up more permanent camps with field hospitals and basketball and volleyball courts. These build-ups continued into the months leading up to the attack.
US intelligence indicated that an attack was likely to happen but could not determine when. The intelligence on troops and equipment movements was trackable, but the Kremlin’s actions proved less predictable. Russian leader Putin had the impression that Ukrainians were discontent with the current government and that Russia would be welcome, leading to a quick overthrow of the current leadership. Russian intelligence either overestimated their ability or underestimated the Ukrainian resistance prior to their attack (Abdalla et al., 2022).
Initial Attacks
The first wave of the attack was aircraft and missile strikes on critical Ukrainian military targets. The intention to ensure ground invasion with air support could advance and capture strategic locations early on. One of those locations was the Antonvia Airport (Wiki, 2022). Initially, the Russians were able to secure the airfield with airborne soldiers. They, however, did not secure the surrounding area of the airport, and the Ukrainians were able to stop and stall many of the reinforcement forces from getting to the airport. This multiweek battle led to the Russians failing to have a forward airbase early on and to losing the element of surprise of having said base. The intelligence failure was not planning for the Ukrainian ground troops to mount a fight and strategically combat off the reinforcements. The Ukrainian Special forces were able to keep the airport from total Russian control thwarting the ability to land 100’s troops on this forward location.
Early Intelligence
While both sides continued to mount losses, the intelligence supplied to the Ukrainians from their allies’ collaborative efforts continued to disrupt the Russian efforts. The Russian intelligence is likely compromised, and that intelligence leaked to Ukraine. Kremlin decision-making is renowned as very complex for intelligence services to decipher and comprehend (Eckel, 2022). There is evidence that the intelligence used may not include all the facts, and only what President Putin wants to hear is being disclosed. At the very least, there was no expectation that the level of resistance the Ukrainian people put up was wholly unexpected, and the intelligence Putin received was either poor or just plain ignored.
Current Situation
Ukrainian allies continue to provide intelligence that has allowed them to move resources and assets to prevent them from being destroyed by Russian advances. This intelligence comes from aircraft that must fly along the borders of Ukraine (Klippenstien, Sirota, 2022). It appears that the current plan for Russia is to secure the Donbas as a priority in the war. Therefore, Russia is now using its intelligence gained through its failures to refocus on this area.
Conclusion
The use of intelligence in this ongoing war has shown that good intelligence can provide tremendous advantages. Conversely, the lack of intelligence or faulty intelligence can lead to tremendous loss. As this war progresses and both sides adjust, the outcomes will be determined by more than just the will of the people fighting. Intelligence provides vital information that, when delivered and adequately used, can provide clear and precise information that will allow for the victory of the receiver. The clear advantage here is that the collaborative effort used by the Ukrainians has resulted in advanced and precise actions that have allowed for a defensive fight of an overwhelmingly smaller force to produce surprising results.
Biblical reference:
The bible tells us, “Humble yourselves, therefore, under the mighty hand of God so that at the proper time he may exalt you, casting all your anxieties on him, because he cares for you. Be sober-minded; be watchful. Your adversary, the devil, prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour. Resist him, firm in your faith, knowing that the same kinds of suffering are being experienced by your brotherhood throughout the world (ESV. 1 Peter 5: 6-9).” This passage reminds us that suffering happens all around us in this broken world. We are to know that when we fight for Christ, we need to keep our faith in the intelligence he gives us through his word and believe and trust in that truth.
References
Funaiole, M., Bermudez, J. . CSIS: Unpacking the Russian Troop Buildup along Ukraine’s Border. (2021).
https://www.csis.org/analysis/unpacking-russian-troop-buildup-along-ukraines-border
Abdalla, N., Davies, P., Gustafson, K., Lomas, D., & Wagner, S. War on the Rocks: Intelligence and the
War in Ukraine. https://warontherocks.com/2022/05/intelligence-and-the-war-in-ukraine-part-1/
Wikipedia. Battle of Antonov Airport. (2022).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Antonov_Airport
Eckel, M. Russian Officials Predicted A Quick Triumph In Ukraine. Did Bad Intelligence Skew Kremlin
Decision-Making? (2022). https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-invasion-ukraine-intelligence-
putin/31748594.html
Klippenstein, K., Sirota, S. The Intercept: US Quietly Assist Ukraine with Intelligence, Avoiding Direct
Confrontation with Russia. (2022). https://theintercept.com/2022/03/17/us-intelligence-
ukraine-russia/
The Holy Bible, English Standard Version. (2016). Crossway Bible.
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Peter%205:6-9&version=ESV

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