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Learning Goal: I’m working on a nursing discussion question and need a sample draft to help me learn.I need a response to the post below: The human body can be characterized as a super machine where all the parts named organs work together at the cellular level to assure that homeostasis always achieves. It is unfortunate that it is not always the case where everything works according to plan. Factors like the environment, and genetics can alter cells functions and cause injuries. McCance and Huether (2019) argued that injury to cells and their surrounding environment, called the extracellular matrix, leads to tissue and organ injury. The case of the 16 year-old boy with a chief complaint of sore throat for 3 days, and with a positive rapid strep test is the prime example of environmental interference with our human body. According to Nakata and Kreikemeyer (2021), streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus; GAS) is a human pathogen responsible for a wide variety of human diseases. The major manifestations of GAS infections are local suppurative inflammation in the upper respiratory tract and skin, i.e., pharyngitis and impetigo. Strep can be spread easily by person-to-person contact during a sneeze, cough, and or a kiss. It is spread more rapidly among family members. Walker et al. (2014) stated that group A Streptococcus causes mild human infections such as pharyngitis and impetigo and serious infections such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Also, repeated infections may trigger autoimmune diseases, including acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, acute rheumatic fever, and rheumatic heart disease. Finally, Soderholm et al (2017)mentioned that GAS pharyngitis is characterized by bacterial colonization of the palatine tonsil, a specialized lymphoid tissue that contains a number of cell types with innate immune defense roles, including epithelial cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Genetics play an important role in altering cell functions in some cases. Nakata and Kreikemeyer (2021) argued that the genes that specify pili are located in the fibronectin-binding proteins genomic region. McCance and Huether (2019) believed that genetic disorders may be the result of genetic factors that alter the cell’s nucleus and the plasma membrane’s structure, shape, receptors, or transport mechanisms. The patient presented with symptoms like sore throat because of the body’s defense mechanism response. Soderholm et al (2017) stated that host immune responses contribute to the severe poststreptococcal immune diseases that constitute the major disease burden for this organism. They added that a number of inflammatory complications are associated with GAS pharyngitis, which can lead to chronic disease in patients. They are numerous cells involved in the process of this disease that led to sore throat and can potentially add fever and other complications. The cells involved as indicated by Soderholm et al (2017) are epithelial cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), which are reported to secrete a number of soluble inflammatory mediators, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs); eicosanoids, including PGE2 and leukotriene B4 (LTB4); chemokines; and proinflammatory cytokines. Th1 and Th17 responses play significant roles in adaptive immunity in both murine models of GAS pharyngitis and in human tonsil tissue. As we know, pharyngitis is a common disease we find around the world that affects both genders, male and female. There is no scientific proof that one gender would be affected differently or more often. It is worth noting that in case of bacterial infection, providers must be cognizant of the possibility of developing antibiotic resistant. As a result, the use the appropriate antibiotics is important to prevent further complications like rheumatic heart disease.
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