How is the apology a conversational ritual?

Based on the attached article, please answer the following questions:
How is the apology a conversational ritual? Who uses it?
What are one-up and one-down positions? Explain in the context of an apology and/or compliment.
Have you ever found yourself out of place in your workplace because you aren’t privy to the small talk Tannen mentions?
Troubles talk: Do you engage in troubles talk? With members of the same gender? With members of the opposite gender? Are both conversations successful?
Discussion of ideas is “ritual fight…explored through verbal opposition” (1994, p. 58). Do you agree with this statement? Explore.

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