RESEARCH PAPER STYLE SHEET A. General Points There are three types of Papers: on

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RESEARCH PAPER STYLE SHEET
A. General Points
There are three types of Papers: one is basically informational–it should give organized detail about a specific subject; the second type poses a specific question to be answered. And the third type takes a rather narrow topic and deals with it in depth.
I’d say that of the 3 above, 2 and 3 are more impressive and possibly more interesting. As examples, if we take the general topic of “The CIA and Arts and Letters” (A&L), the FIRST type will write in detail about the ways the CIA was connected to A&L; the SECOND type of Paper will answer a specific question, such as “How Is the CIA’s Control of Fine Arts (in the US and Abroad) Undemocratic?” And the THIRD will focus on a more narrowtopic, such as “The CIA and Literature in the US and Abroad,” or “The CIA and Hollywood During the McCarthy Period.”
• Sources: You MUST use at least at least: 2 books, and 2articles (articles MUST be ONLY from scholarly journals. You may use JSTOR as an online database). DO NOT any of the class readings as one of the 2 required books.
• NO PICTURES or SHADING anywhere (graphs, charts, etc., are OK if necessary).
*YOU CANNOT use encyclopedias as sources for your Paper.
—Do not copy from the source, especially long sections. Excessive copying directly is plagiarism, which is a serious offense that can be penalized (you will receive a “0” grade, or worse). Write in your own words. You may quote from a source, but be sure to include a footnote or endnote for the citation.
—YOU Must Write Your Paper (all of it); You May Not Have Others Write or Edit Your Paper (this includes editing the grammar, English, etc.).
• All papers MUST be at least FIVE (5) pages long (text. This does NOT include the separate Title Page or separate Works Cited page)
• All text in PAPER must be 12 point Times Roman Regular only (NO BOLD ANYWHERE—This includes the title page, text pages, Works Cited page, etc). Notes are in 10 point (the machine will do this).
Double space text, BUT citations in the Works Cited are single spaced, with one extra line between items.
• NO EXTRA SPACE separating paragraphs. New paragraphs areindented .5 (or ½) inch.
• Include a title page (with title, author, class school, date, semester,etc.).
• Number all pages EXCEPT the Title Page (Use “Page Numbers”option on the “Insert” menu).
• The 2 required books and 2 required scholarly articles MUST be in English; you CAN use sources in another language (e.g., Spanish, Korean, Mandarin), but those sources are only in addition to the required books and articles which MUST be inEnglish.
• You MUST include notes (2 or more average/page) throughout the paper—whether (MLA in-text notes or footnotes (you can choose any style you want)
• Do NOT type entire words in ALL CAPITAL LETTERS. Some students do this for book and journal article titles, authors, etc.
• Quotations: Do NOT use more than 2 quotations/page, with a maximum of 6 lines of quotes/page. For quotations that hacvemore than 40 words (usually 4 lines), you must use
• Block Quotes: for any quotations that are more than 40 words (usually 4 lines), place
quotations in a block of text and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote that is indented ½ inch from the left margin; maintain double-spacing.
• DO NOT write out numbers (e.g., do NOT write “seventy-two people”; it is correctly written as “72 people”).
• DO NOT waste space by writing an author’s name, the book title, etc. (as in “Joan Smith in her book My Life At Pratt writes that…). Simply include what the author says.
Prevention of plagiarism, purchasing papers online, and other cheating
Sadly, there are always cases in which some students attempt to hand in a paper which they have not written, or which they have copied. They may also “make up” sources, page numbers, etc. This kind of dishonesty cannot be accepted.
DO NOT engage in any of the above dishonest behavior; please be aware that I MUST do my utmost to find out if any students are engaging in such behavior. Those who do, will receive an automatic “zero” (0) grade on their paper.
One way of finding out if students have not written a paper they have submitted is that the paper is so perfectly written (the English, grammar, word usage, etc.) that it seems highly unlikely that the student could have written it. You must write your paper; you MUST NOT ask someone else to write your paper; also, DO NOT have someone in Pratt’s Writing Center help you write paper.
NOTES: There are 2 types of notes: [1] MLA in-text; and [2]Footnotes
[1] MLA Notes in-text for BOTH books OR articles—write author’s last name + page number
Example: Lark knows how to handle life on the river. “I try to count the seconds before I hear the
thunder, so I know how far the storm is, but I’m too rattled” (Wingate 12).
[2] Footnotes
The footnote is a bit more complicated, and has 3 components. First, you must insert the note number
in the text, which is superscript (raised up, smaller point size than the text). Using Google Docs or
Word programs, click on the “References” drop-down menu, then “Insert Footnote”; the program will
automatically put the footnote number (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) at that point in text and then will then
automatically take you down to the bottom of the page where the footnote number is inserted; the
program puts in the same number (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) as the note in the text.
The following is an example of how to do a footnote (with text):
[The following is the text] Some have argued that such an investigation would be fruitless.6
6. Grace Xu, Pratt Is a Great School. Praeger, 2000, 6.
If you are repeating the same information in successive footnotes, instead of writing out the whole
long thing again with the second footnotes (footnote 7 below), you can just include the author and
page number. If the page number is different from the footnote directly above it, you must put in the
new page number. Like this:
6 Grace Xu, Pratt Is a Great School. Praeger, 2000, p. 6.
7. Xu 8.
Works Cited Page
Note: You must list all sources (books, articles) you use. They go on the Works Cited page(s). single-
Space each source, with one extra line space between each source
Citing a book in Works Cited
Works Cited
[First name, last name. Title of book. Publisher. Publication date.DO NOT give pages in book
citation]
Lisa Wingate. Before We Were Yours. Random House, 2017.
Citing a journal article in Works Cited:
Works Cited
Sara Ahmed. “A Phenomenology of Whiteness.” Feminist Theory, vol. 8, no. 2, Aug. 2007, pp.
149–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700107078139.
Citing journal article found in a database (like JSTOR)
Works Cited
Geidel, Molly. “Building the Counterinsurgent Girl.” Feminist Studies, vol. 44, no. 3, 2018, pp.
635–665. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.15767/feministstudies.44.3.0635.
Citing a chapter in edited volume in Works Cited
[Author. “Title of chapter.” Title of book, edited by [name(s) of author(s)]. Publisher’s name, date
of publication, page or page numbers]
The following is an example of a chapter in edited volume in Works Cited:
Works Cited
James A. Lawrence and Alfred Dodds. “Goal-Directed Activities and Life-Span
Development.” Handbook of Developmental Psychology, edited by John Valsiner and Kare
Connolly. Heinemann, 2000, pp. 24-34.
Citing a newspaper in Works Cited
Dean, Cornelia. “Executive on a Mission: Saving the Planet.” New York Times. May 22, 2007.
Web. May 25, 2009.
What are the Ingredients of a Good Paper?
It STRICTLY follows the rules and suggestions of this Research Paper Style Sheet, and
1) It is a deep, well-thought-out critical analysis
2) It is well organized
3) It has clear hypotheses that are answered in the Paper
4) It is well-written, with perfect English (including perfect grammar, syntax, word usage)
a. It is concisely written (i.e., it uses as few words as possible and avoids using too many words to say something) and notwordy
b. It avoids bad sentences (i.e., sentences that are: awkward; unclear; run-on; incomplete)
EX. of incomplete sentence: “Like in Venezuela and Cuba, where they say they are for the people, they want equality, and they are against imperialism.”
EX. of run-on: “All attempts proved to be ineffective, and merely frustrated the US, this led to an embargo on trade with Cuba in 1962 and a banishment from the Organization of American States (OAS).”
EX. of unclear sentence: “Because products cannot be purchased by another who has just sold, the two independent actions lean on each other for support; if the level of either production or consumption were to shift and make clear the imbalance caused by separation of sale and purchase, it causes an economic crisis”
EX. of wordiness: “In the not too distant future, college freshmen must all become aware of the fact that there is a need for them to make contact with an academic adviser concerning the matter of a major” Corrected version of wordy sentence: “Soon college freshmen will need to contact their advisors about their choice of majors”
5) It uses AT LEAST 2 books and 2 scholarly journal articles. Using MORE than 2 + 2 can improve both the Paper and yourgrade
6) It avoids personal thoughts or general “musings” about a topic; instead, a good Paper will use much empirical detail and facts to illustrate and prove a hypothesis
EX.: A paper on 9/11 said the following, which is merely their “musings” or “thoughts” about 9/11, and which is not important for the Research Paper. With all due respect, it is, frankly, a waste of space: “The event is significant to every American old enough to remember it, and the phrase “Where were you on 9/11” has become a sort of cultural touchstone to demonstrate that everyone remembers the incident, that everyone had an experience connected to it. Whether you were near or in the city and needed to make calls to assure loved ones are safe (or assure to loved ones that you’re safe), or being remote from the event itself and watching the news, horrified, since at the time it seemed so surreal, 9/11 is an event that everybody remembers.”
a. Make sure you include the who, what, when, where, how, and why in your Paper
8) It is not repetitive or wordy, i.e.. Use as few words as possible to make the point.
9) It avoids incorrect word usage (e.g., do NOT use the word “majorly”; do NOT use the word
“said,” as in “said speech was made…”; know difference between use of “its” and “it’s”; know
difference between “were” and “where”)
(10) *This is important: Any time you mention a person, institution, agency, committee, etc., that
is not well known, you MUST explain them and what they are, especially in the context of your
discussion. If you do not, the reader will not know who the person is, and therefore will not follow
your point. Or the read (me) could think that you are merely “copying” from the source without
understanding what you are reading. (
EX.: “During Reagan’s administration, the NSC hired Oliver North as its political liaison. This meant that Oliver North, Robert McFarlane (he was Defense Secretary), and John Poindexter, who was Reagan’s National Security Adviser, were in charge of fulfilling the president’s direct wishes.”
11) If you are writing about something in the past, you must use PAST TENSE, not present
12) DO NOT give your personal opinions and “feelings.” The Research Paper should be
an objective and hopefully deep analysis of those facts that emphasizes FACTS and DETAILS based
on what an author writes. Therefore, avoid including your “musings” or general thoughts and ideas
about a subject.

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