Assignment (Development, Aging, & Health Terms) Categories of Aging The textbook

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Assignment (Development, Aging, & Health Terms)
Categories of Aging
The textbook authors introduce some of these terms in Chapter 1, some are added by me (Prof Reynolds) to fill in some missing blanks so-to-speak:
Primary Aging or Normal Aging: a set of changes built into the hard wiring of an organism that progress at different rates among individuals but are not universal, intrinsic, and progressive (Aldwin & Gilmer, 1999).
Secondary Aging or Impaired Aging: changes due to disease (Aldwin & Gilmer, 1999). Heart disease, diabetes, and chronic depression are examples of physical health and mental health complications that can be preexisting to aging or have onset during aging. These and other conditions described as “health complications” at any other stage of life and conditions that are “secondary to aging”. Even if the onset of the disease is typically during aging, e.g. dementia, Parkinson’s disease, or osteoporosis, the disease is a health complication NOT a second stage of aging (Prof Reynolds).
Tertiary Aging: the rapid loss of function experienced at the very end of life. (Gerstorf, Ram, Lindenberger, & Smith, 2013). Changes that occur near the very end of life that can have significant impact on physical abilities and function or cognitive process and function, and impact independence and competence (Prof Reynolds).
Senescence (sehn-eh-sense) aka Primary Aging: cellular level changes that occur during the aging process; they begin during adulthood and continue for the remainder of the lifespan. Senescence changes result some gains and some losses (Prof Reynolds).
The authors introduce the fist three terms in chapter 1 but they don’t appear anywhere else in textbook. The chapter about Physical Changes would be a logical place to utilize some of these terms. Maybe the authors felt it was important for you to be familiar with these terms, but don’t really believe they have much practical use, which is my personal opinion. The last term “senescence” definitely has no practical day-to-day use and the root “seni” is the root for a very negative out of date term “senile,” which is a derogatory term for dementia.
Domains of Development
Some of the confusion about what aging is, among the general public and professionals, stems from a failure to differentiate between the domains of development.
Mental Development: changes that occur in mental (thinking), emotional (feeling), and information (stimuli) processing across the lifespan. The potential for gains in mental development exists across the entire lifespan, depending on variable like personality traits, physical health, mental health, and social opportunities.
Social Development: changes that occur in social preferences and behaviors across the lifespan. The potential for gains in social development exists across the entire lifespan, depending on access to resources and social opportunities, and factors such as personality traits, physical health, mental health, and social opportunities.
Physical Development: biological changes that occur as the body grows from birth to physical maturity. There’s no set age at which all people reach maturity, and each structure and organ of the body reaches full development at different ages. Nature and nurture factors are also influential, e.g. genetics and nutrition. During development the physical changes are mostly gains. However, some ability losses occur due to changes in the size of the body, as well as changes in the focus of activities related to physical and sexual maturity, and social opportunities. For example, at some point you stopped jumping out of swings because there were other things you became interested in doing.
Physical Development, Maturity, and then Aging
After all the organs and systems in the body reaches maturity. We know bones reach maturity at 30 and the frontal lobe of the brain reaches maturity at around age 28. There is thought to be a period of maturity, but that period is unpredictable due to nature-nurture factors, e.g. genetics, nutrition, and lifestyle. Changes and losses in abilities due to nature-nurture factors during maturity are not aging-related. The problem is that because every person is different, it is impossible to discern when nature-nurture is influencing maturity from when true aging begins. We do know bones are mature at 30 and a few things about
In day-to-day conversations about aging it is important to explain what is meant when the word “aging is used and to differentiate between the different types/stages of aging. Using these terms can help provide clarity in when discussing or writing about aging in day-to-day conversations:
Aging: observable physical changes that begin during adulthood and continue for the remainder of the lifespan. The beginning of the aging process is marked by noticeable changes in the reproductive system, sensory perception, and appearance. Aging is predictable in that it is inevitable, but age of onset, rate, and areas of change are unpredictable, and linked to many nature-nurture factors. Potential for preserving health, peak development, and peak sensory performance are also linked to those factors.
Threshold of Aging: the phase of aging when physical changes are observable, but the changes have not forced modifications in a person’s lifestyle or caused losses in abilities that cannot be compensated for.
Compensation
In addition to developmental differences and individuality, personal compensations make it virtually impossible to pin-point when aging begins. People of any age may have physical and/or mental qualities or conditions that have an impact on how they do things, how they think and learn, and/or how they act. For example, children and shorter people compensate for their height by using a step-stool. People compensate in response to aging-related changes as well, and they are often unaware they are compensating until the later stages of a change. Consider the examples of vision changes within these definitions of implicit and explicit compensation:
Implicit compensation: pre/subconscious adjustments people make to maintain or augment an ability as gradual functional changes occur, e.g. at about age 20 we need more light to see so we adjust our environmental light without thinking that we need more light and in our 30s, we may naturally hold the book we are reading a little further away without realizing we are doing it.
Explicit compensation: conscious adjustments people make to maintain or augment an ability when they become aware of a functional change, e.g. standing in place to give our eyes a chance to adjust to poor lighting and putting on reading glasses. Explicit compensations may also include exercise and nutrition strategies to preserve abilities, general health and well-being.
Physical and Mental Health Complications
Genetic: complications associated with the course of an inherited condition/disease.
Illness/Disease: complications of lifelong or late onset of chronic or terminal illnesses and diseases.
Progressive effects of illness/disease: complications associated with the typical course of chronic or terminal illnesses and diseases, and/or the secondary effects of the illness/disease.
Damage: complications could be related to a physical injury, excessive physical wear and tear, over exposure to something harmful/toxic in the environment, or a physical, mental, or emotional deprivation or trauma.
Temporal effects of damage: complications associated with damage that appear years after the damage and/or worsen over time.
Disabilities
Disabilities are health and mental health complications associated with a condition of birth, an injury, a disease or illness, or any other condition significant enough to warrant special accommodations or access in public settings, by law or by medical standards. Disabilities may be physical and impact physical abilities, or mental and impact cognition and/or behavior. Aging does not cause disability until possibly during tertiary aging.
Accommodations: supports provide to people with disabilities that enable them to participate in public programs, e.g. schools.
Access: supports provided to people with disabilities that enable them to gain access to public settings, e.g. handicap parking.
Writing Prompt:
***Development, Aging, and Health Terms Assignment ***
Read and study this page carefully.
Using your own words, write one phrase/sentence to define each of these terms:
Mental Development
Social Development
Physical Development
Physical Maturity
Aging
Aging Threshold
Implicit Compensation
Explicit Compensation
Complication
Disability
Number your phrases and sentences and start each phrase or sentence with the term.

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