I need two 250 word responses to the following classmates posts: 1. L.Baum: What

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I need two 250 word responses to the following classmates posts:
1. L.Baum: What is a virtue theory of ethics? How do you use it to determine what is moral and immoral? Give an example from the healthcare field where such a theory would be used to resolve a moral dilemma.
To understand the virtue theory of ethics one must first reflect on their own “behavior of showing high moral standards” and how those standards would directly relate. The book states that “examples of virtues and good character traits are, integrity, trust, respect, empathy, generosity, truthfulness, and the ability to admit mistakes”(Fremgen, 2020) This theory was developed by an ancient Greek, Aristotle. Its purpose is to live a life of good moral character and understanding. Essentially, this theory wants people to focus on having a good moral character in life and not so much on the rules to be followed.
How do you use the virtue theory of ethics to determine what is moral and immoral? One way is to determine what characteristics a person will need to have in order to make a good decision. Virtue theory of ethics focuses on having the knowledge of doing right and not wrong. You need to have the thought process of doing good acts deliberately for the right reasons. A person can only determine what is moral and immoral by their own attributes, empathy, and generosity. This ethics theory acknowledges that the outcome of difficult problem solving depends on the characteristics of the individual making the decision.
An example of using the virtue of ethical theory in a healthcare setting could include having a patient who has just been diagnosed with advanced stages of cancer that is sure to end their life in a short period of time. As a healthcare professional you know that treatment is not likely to make the patient better or save their life. The patient is having a hard time making a decision on what measures they are willing to take or not take in this stage of the disease. Simply giving the patient all of their options and going over the predicted outcomes of each with a caring and empathic attitude could help the patient make an easier decision on how they want to proceed.
As a healthcare worker myself, I see lots of patients with the same problems and sometimes forget that this is our patient’s first time having to deal with these problems. At times we find ourselves sounding like a broken record and just needing to move on to the next patient’s problems. Having a sympathetic approach and making sure that you give the patient the right options for their situation could give them the ability to make the right decision no matter the outcome.
References
Fremgen, B. F. (2016). Medical law and ethics, pg 11.
2. C.Michel: What is the Utilitarian consequentialist moral theory? How do you use it to determine what is moral and immoral? Give an example from the healthcare field where such a theory would be used to resolve a moral dilemma.
“Utilitarianism is a theory based on the principle of the greatest good for the greatest people” (Fremgen, 2016). This theory is concerned with the actions or outcomes of the whole society. Also, this theory looks at the wants and needs of most people. Utilitarianism is a consequence-based theory that follows the premise that the ends justify the means. It can be a view on how we should evaluate a wide range of things that involve people’s choices.
People may think it is a straightforward principle because it only has one principle: Do what produces the best consequences. However, the theory is complex because many people may not understand the single principle. To understand the single principle, people need to know three things: what things are good and bad; whose good should be aimed to maximize; and whether actions, policies, etc., are made right or wrong by the actual consequences or by the foreseeable consequences.
Either benefit or harm uses this theory; it can be characterized in more than one way. “It can be defined as happiness/unhappiness and pleasure/pain” (Fremgen, 2016). Actions and inactions that cause less pain or unhappiness and more pleasure or happiness will be deemed morally right, while the inactions that cause more pain or unhappiness will be deemed morally wrong. “Utilitarianism is used for making ethical decisions; if a decision benefits most people, then some people will have serious consequences” (Fremgen, 2016).
An example of consequentialism utilitarianism is when a consequentialist would have to choose five patients who require a less dosage to receive the medicine allowing the sixth patient to die; this produces the most moral good. A non-consequentialist would infer no judgment over who is more worthy of the medicine and would administer it on a first-come, first-serve basis until it runs out.
Another example of utilitarianism is if there is a limited supply of donor organs. Under utilitarianism, patients with the most immediate need would receive the organ. So, other people, such as the elderly, handicapped, or young, may not be able to get new organs. The only weakness that utilitarianism has is that it is impossible to quantify all the variables.
References:
Fremgen, B. F. (2016). Medical law and ethics.

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