What is the “directionality” problem concerning correlational studies as it relates to inferring causation?

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1.  Explain what the following statement means: “Correlation not causation”. In other words, why can’t you prove causation with correlational studies?
2.  What is the “third factor” problem concerning correlational studies as it relates to inferring causation?
3.  What is the “directionality” problem concerning correlational studies as it relates to inferring causation?

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