Arts of Power – Statecraft and Diplomacy – Fundamental Principles of the Art – Management Assessment Answer

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– 6CICE

Management Assessment Answer

Task

Arts of Power. Statecraft and Diplomacy

The aim of this review is to explore the significance of ambassador Chas

Freeman’s work

Arts

of Power

Statecraft and

Diplomac

y,

and to

evaluate

his contribution to the current literature

expounding

the fundamentals of diplomacy. This review

evaluates

Arts of Power

in

terms

of how

Freeman

achie

v

es his goal of highlighting the basic principles of diplomac

y

the strengths and

weaknesses

of the

text

and

what

this means for future research and knowledge about the skill of diplomacy. In seeking

to

understand the

extent Freeman

has contributed to international relations academia we may also

illustrate

the

gaps

in the

literature

and

·what constitutes

best practice in the field of diplomacy.

In

w

riting

Arts of

Po

we

r

,

‘distinguished diplomat Chas Freeman describes the fundamental principles of the art of

statecraft

and

the

craft of diplomac

y

‘

(The United

States Institute of Peace

2018). Freeman’s

intended audience are

‘

practitioners of diplomac

y

and readers

who want

a sense of

w

hat it is like to represent the interests of a major power in

today

‘

s world

‘

(Freeman 1997

,

p

.

vi) o

r

,

simpl

y

,

people

who want

to learn more about the practice of diplomac

y

. Indeed

Arts of

Po

we

r

is written

as a companion to his other book

,

The Diplomat’s

Dictionar

y

,

w

hich describes and

explains

the terminology used in diplomatic circles

(ibid).

In that regard

,

Freeman

is articulating the norms of diplomatic beha

v

ior. B

y

writing

about these norms

from

a

realist

perspecti

ve,

Freeman

,

as an

expert in

the field

,

is also implicitl

y

asserting that the dominant ideolog

y

influencing diplomatic practice

is realist in

nature. This

includes

assuming

‘

that the structure of international politics is defined b

y

the distribution of power and thus a highl

y

asocial en

v

ironment

,

and observes a series of discrete

,

exchange relations among atomistic actors

(Adler

&

Barnett 1998

,

p

.

10)

,

and

‘

that

while war

does not

take

place all the

time it is al

w

a

y

s

expected

‘

(ibid

.

)

Thus

,

there are

two

main

goals

Freeman had in

w

riting

Art

s

of

Po

we

r:

to

explicitl

y

outline the basic

principles

of diplomac

y

for

students of

international

relations and

diplomac

y

and

to implicitly

articulate the norms

of

Western

diplomatic beha

v

ior for students

of

international

relations

and

diplomac

y

.

The goal

of

educating

people

about

the basic principles

and

norms of

statecraft and

diplomac

y

is important

for

a

number

of

reasons

.

Firstl

y

,

b

y

stating the fundamentals

of 

diplomac

y

and statecraft

,

it

encapsulates and articulates the

best practices

to

use

in

diplomac

y

.

It also 

outlines

the

standard for

how diplomats

should

,

and

do beha

v

e.

Secondl

y

,

Freeman

‘

s goal shows

that kno

w

ing

about diplomac

y

and statecraft is a

w

orthy

pursuit despite the

fact that

there

are

man

y

aspects

to diplomac

y

and trade that are far

from transparent.

613). Freeman e

x

plicitl

y

gi

v

es a

“recipe

for success” in Arts

of Power

:

if e

v

eryone

performs

in a realist

manner this

gives

a degree of

predictability

to diplomat’s

and state’s

beha

v

ior

throughout

international negotiations

.

He

explicitl

y

highlights that the

core

of

an

y

state

‘

s

actions

,

on

a

base

le

v

el

,

will

be

moti

v

ated

b

y

its

supreme national

interest

‘

of securing

its

survival (Freeman 1997

,

p

.

10). While a state

has

man

y

more

interests

and concerns

,

irrespecti

v

e

of

cultural

,

political

and economic standing

,

all states are

moti

v

ated

b

y

ensuring sur

v

i

v

al. Kno

w

ing this

gi

v

es students

,

and

diplomats

,

the abilit

y

to

anticipate

both

all

y

and enem

y

state beha

v

ior.

Freeman

‘

s goal

in

educating

people

about

diplomac

y

and

statecraft is important precisel

y

because

Art

s

of Po

we

r

is teaching the norms

of the

industr

y

,

and in

doing

so

,

sustains them.

Freeman

uses

a

number of

techniques

in

writing

Art

s

of

Po

we

r

to teach the reader

about statecraft

and

diplomac

y

practice

.

Prim

aril

y

,

Freeman

does

not

pair

his

descriptions

of

diplomatic practice

with e

x

amples. This shows an assumption

that

what

is being

written

is

so

m1iversal that is

can

be

applied

in

an

y

situation

.

For

example

,

Freeman

(I

997)

w

rites

that

‘

as

reporters

,

diplomats must

personif

y

(1)

acuity of

obser

v

ation and

accuracy

of memory

;

(2)

discretion

;

(3)

graceful adaptability

to

life

in

alien

cultures.

 However

,

we

are not

given specifics

,

such as what constitutes

an alien

culture

.

An Australian

diplomat

ser

vi

ng

in

the

United Kingdom

is

going

to ha

ve

a

significantl

y

different

experience

to a diplomat adjusting

to

life in

China

,

due

to

historical

,

linguistic and cultural factors

.

Despite

this

lack of

specificit

y,

we

can still

see

that Freeman

‘

s

general

statement

about

‘

alien culture

is applicable to both of these situations

.

The

author

‘

s

use of passive

voice

,

overusing personal pronouns

such

as

“

I

”

highlights a degree of distance from

w

hat

is being w

ritten

.

Arts of Power

instead refers

to

‘

states

‘

and their

‘

opponents

‘

(Freeman

1997

,

p

.

15)

.

This

implies that irrespecti

ve

of

culture

or

socialization,

all states, and their diplomats follow the same set of norms

in

diplomac

y.

Freeman

additionall

y

uses

simple

language and structure to reinforce the fundamental nature of the information he is communicating to his readers

.

Three

sections

,

‘

The

Power of the

State

‘

,

‘

Diplomatic

Manoeuvre

‘,

and The Skills of

the

Diplomat

‘

(Freeman

1997

)

,

or

g

anize the topics

Freeman

addresses

,

which are

integral

to

the function of a diplomat.

‘

The

Power of the

State

‘

asserts that a diplomat

‘

s role is

to

na

v

igate

power

d

y

nam

ics between

states

for the benefit of the state the

y

represent.

‘

Diplomatic

Manoeuvre

‘

illustrates the actions a diplomat ma

y

take in their position

,

and the Skills of the

Diplomat

‘

outlines the tools a diplomat

ma

y

use.

Arts of Power,

as

a whol

e

,

addresses

the tools and skills diplomats need in order to

exert

hard and soft

po

wer

,

on behalf of the state the

y

represent.

In writing

a text as uni

ve

rsall

y

applicable

,

and accessible

,

for diplomats and

students

such as

Arts of

Pow

e

r

,

Freeman

has added to the repertoire of tools that his readers may refer to during their career

in

diplomacy.

What is the goal of the author?

Is the goal important?

How does the author seek to achieve the goal?

How is the author’s success/failure to achieve the goal to be explained?

What is your evaluation of the reading?

One or two of your own questions that you think are pertinent to the issue (This last requirement is optional but you have experienced what can be done in class).

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